Among Cultures: The Challenge of Communication PDF
Preview Among Cultures: The Challenge of Communication
Among Cultures Among Cultures: The Challenge of Communication, Third Edition explores intercultural communication and the relationship between communication and culture, using narrative as a common and compelling thread for studying inter- cultural interactions. Anchored in the position that people make sense of their worlds through choosing and telling narratives to themselves and others, this text is replete with narratives and stories. Chapters address key aspects of intercultural communication, including verbal and nonverbal communication; stereotypes and bias; identity; conflict; diversity; and ethics. Using an interpretive approach to intercultural communication, the text helps students understand that although a person may appear different, his/her common sense is quite reasonable within a particular interpretive context. Resources are included to help students under- stand and explain the reasonableness of other cultural systems. The text includes activities for students to complete while reading, includ- ing self-assessments and nonverbal self-knowledge tests. Reflection questions within and at the end of each chapter promote thinking and discussion on each topic. With its unique approach to studying intercultural communica- tion via real-life narratives, this text facilitates a deep understanding of the cultural aspects of communication. In providing the narratives of others, it encourages students to tell their own stories and build a strong foundation for communicating across cultures. New to the Third Edition: • New chapter—“How Does Culture Impact Applied Contexts?”—explores intercultural communication as it relates to the environment, health, and technology. • New sections on identity, silence, and terms of address as important communicative practices in intercultural settings. • Updated sections on honorifics, key terms, social dramas and the golden approaches to ethics. Bradford J. Hall is Head of the Department of Languages, Philosophy, and Communication Studies at Utah State University. He teaches in the areas of inter- cultural communication and communication theory, focusing on the link between our talk, thoughts, and actions. His research deals with issues of culture, identity, membership, conflict, and everyday conversation. Patricia O. Covarrubias is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication and Journalism at the University of New Mexico where she teaches cult ural and intercultural communication, cultural discourse analysis, global metaphors, qualitative research methods, and the ethnography of commu- nication. Her research has been dedicated to understanding the linkages among culture, communication, and peoples’ unique ways of life. Kristin A. Kirschbaum is Associate Professor at East Carolina University, and has taught courses in health communication, intercultural communica- tion, organizational health communication, interpersonal communication, and communication theory. Her research includes measures of communication in physician populations with structured research protocols aimed to increase collaboration and medical communication among physicians. Third Edition Among Cultures The Challenge of Communication Bradford J. Hall Patricia O. Covarrubias Kristin A. Kirschbaum Third edition published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Bradford J. Hall, Patricia O. Covarrubias, and Kristin A. Kirschbaum to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Harcourt College Pub 2002 Second Edition published by Wadsworth Publishing 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Hall, Bradford J., author. | Covarrubias, Patricia Olivia, author. | Kirschbaum, Kristin A., author. Title: Among cultures : the challenge of communication / Bradford J. Hall, Patricia Covarrubias, and Kristin A. Kirschbaum. Description: Third edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. Identifiers: LCCN 2017004574| ISBN 9781138657816 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138657823 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Intercultural communication. | Culture conflict. Classification: LCC GN345.6 .H34 2018 | DDC 303.6—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004574 ISBN: 978-1-138-65781-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-65782-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-62117-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Visit the companion website: www.routledge/cw/Hall Contents Preface xvi Acknowledgments xxv 1 What Is Meant by Intercultural Communication? 1 Culture 3 System 4 Historically Shared 6 Symbolic Resources 8 Make Our World Meaningful 11 Selection 11 Organization 13 Evaluation 14 Communication 16 Interdependent 17 Situational 18 Intercultural Communication 19 Intercultural Communication as a Field of Study 19 Hazards of Intercultural Study 20 Oversimplification 20 Overgeneralization 21 Exaggeration 21 Benefits of Intercultural Study 22 Personal Empowerment 22 Freedom from Ignorance 22 Productive Relationships 22 Summary 23 Reflection Questions 24 Activities 24 vi Contents 2 What Is the Relationship between Communication and Culture? 26 Manifestations of Culture 29 Worldviews 30 Individualism/Collectivism 30 Ascription/Achievement 33 Egalitarian/Hierarchical 35 Good/Evil 38 Mastery/Adaptive 40 Social Lubricant/Information 41 High Context/Low Context 42 Polychronic/Monochronic 44 Final Thoughts on Worldviews 46 Values 48 Norms 51 Two Perspectives on the Culture Communication Connection 55 Monolithic Force 55 Reflexive Force 56 Sense-Making 56 Situational 56 Summary 57 Reflection Questions 58 Activities 58 3 How Can We Learn about Our Own and Others’ Cultures? 61 The Learning Process 63 Need 64 Precedent 64 The Etic/Emic Distinction 66 Hymes’ SPEAKING Framework: An Etic Grid 67 Scenes 68 Participants 68 Ends 68 Acts (Substance and Sequence) 69 Keys 69 Instrumentalities 69 Norms 69 Genres 70 Narratives 70 Narrative Teaching Functions 72 Contents vii The Way the World Works 72 Our Place in the World 75 How to Act in the World 76 How to Evaluate What Goes On in the World 79 Interpreting Narratives 81 Ritual 83 (Mis)impressions about the Nature of Rituals 83 Just the Same Thing Over and Over 83 Outdated, Hypocritical, and Meaningless 84 Reserved for Specialized Settings 86 Engaged in by Those Less Sophisticated Than I 89 Recognizing Rituals around Us 90 The Worth of Rituals 91 Social Dramas 92 Key Terms 95 Summary 96 Reflection Questions 97 Activities 98 4 How Is Culture Related to Our Identities? 100 Identity 103 Social and Personal Identities 103 Expectations Related to Ourselves and Others 109 Role Expectations 109 Language Expectations 112 Communication’s Relationship to Identity 113 Reflective 113 Constitutive 115 Pathways to Identity 118 Avowal 118 Ascription 120 Reactive 120 Proactive 123 Summary 126 Reflection Questions 127 Activities 128 5 Where Can We Look to Explain Verbal Misunderstandings? 130 Verbal Communication and Context 133 Contextual Frames 134 Frames and Expected Forms of Communication 135 viii Contents Frames Evoking and Assuming Informal Rules 136 Frames Evoking and Assuming Identities 139 Verbal Communication: Structure and Content 141 Quality 141 Idioms 142 Quantity 144 Silence 144 Elaborated and Restricted Codes 144 Relevance 144 Forms of Address 145 Questions and Answers 145 Manner 146 Code-Switching 147 Gratuitous Concurrence 148 Terms of Address 149 Pronouns 150 Honorifics 152 Face Considerations 154 Direct/Indirect Communication 155 Language and Thought 158 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 159 Summary 161 Reflection Questions 162 Activities 162 6 Where Can We Look to Explain Nonverbal Misunderstandings? 165 Roles of Nonverbal Communication 167 Repetition 168 Contradiction 168 Substitution 168 Accentuation 169 Complementary 169 Regulation 169 Forms of Nonverbal Communication 170 Kinesics 170 Facial Expressions 170 Body Movements 173 Five Functions 176 Emblems 176 Illustrators 176 Contents ix Affect Displays 177 Regulators 177 Adaptors 177 Proxemics 178 Space 178 Touch 179 Paralanguage 180 Silence 183 Silence and Socio-Cultural Identities 186 Silence and Social Relationships 188 Silence and Conflict 189 Other Forms of Nonverbal Communication 192 Living Environment 192 Clothes 193 Food 194 Smell 195 Time 196 Intercultural Listening and Nonverbal Communication 197 Summary 198 Reflection Questions 199 Activities 200 Answers to Facial Expression Test and to Intercultural Kinesic Cues Quiz 201 7 Why Do So Many People Get Treated Poorly? 205 Stereotypes 209 Categorization 209 Fundamental Attribution Error 210 Five Points of Variance 212 Direction 212 Intensity 212 Specificity 213 Consensus 213 Accuracy 213 Ethnocentrism 215 Concern/Indifference 217 Involvement/Avoidance 218 Enjoyment/Intolerance 218 Prejudice 219 Forms of Prejudice 222 Blatant 222
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