AmIware Hardware Technology Drivers of Ambient Intelligence PDF
Preview AmIware Hardware Technology Drivers of Ambient Intelligence
AmIware Philips Research VOLUME 5 Editor-in-Chief Dr. Frank Toolenaar Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands SCOPE TO THE ‘PHILIPS RESEARCH BOOK SERIES’ As one of the largest private sector research establishments in the world, Philips Research is shaping the future with technology inventions that meet peoples’ needs and desires in the digital age. While the ultimate user benefits of these inventions end up on the high-street shelves, the often pioneering scientific and technological basis usually remains less visible. This ‘Philips Research Book Series’ has been set up as a way for Philips researchers to contribute to the scientific community by publishing their comprehensive results and theories in book form. Ad Huijser AmIware Hardware Technology Drivers of Ambient Intelligence Edited by Satyen Mukherjee Philips Research North America, NewYork, USA Emile Aarts Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Raf Roovers Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Frans Widdershoven Philips Research, Leuven, Belgium and Martin Ouwerkerk Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-4197-7 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4197-6 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4198-5 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4198-3 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. Contents Contributing Authors ix Preface – Satyen Mukherjee xv Acknowledgement – Editors xix Foreword – Hugo De Man xxi Section 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Ambient Intelligence: The Next Wave in Consumer Electronics 3 Rick Harwig 1.2 The Physical Basis of Ambient Intelligence 9 Henk van Houten Section 2. Wireless Communication 29 2.1 Circuits and Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks 31 Brian Otis, Mike Sheets, Yuen-Hui Chee, Huifang Qin, Nathan Pletcher, and Jan Rabaey 2.2 Wireless Connectivity for In Home Audio/Video Networks 51 Gerhard Fettweis, Ralf Irmer, Marcus Windisch, Denis Petrovic, and Peter Zillmann 2.3 Body Area Networks: The Ascent of Autonomous Wireless Microsystems 73 Bert Gyselinckx, Chris Van Hoof, and Stephane Donnay 2.4 Wireless Communication Systems 85 Neil C. Bird Section 3. Smart Sensors 105 3.1 Interconnect and Packaging Technologies for Realizing Miniaturized Smart Devices 107 Eric Beyne v vi Contents 3.2 CMOS Image Sensors for Ambient Intelligence 125 Albert J.P. Theuwissen, Martijn F. Snoeij, X. Wang, Padmakumar R. Rao, and Erik Bodegom 3.3 Microsystem Technology for Ambient Intelligence 151 Geert Langereis Section 4. Low Power Electronics and System Architecture 179 4.1 Low Energy Digital Circuit Design 181 Benton H. Calhoun, Curt Schurgers, Alice Wang, and Anantha Chandrakasan 4.2 Analog Interface Circuits—The Limit for AmI Applications 203 Michiel Steyaert, Willem Laflere and Wim Vereecken 4.3 Vector Processing as an Enabler for Ambient Intelligence 223 Kees van Berkel, Anteneh Abbo, Srinivasan Balakrishnan, Richard Kleihorst, Patrick P.E. Meuwissen, Rick Nas 4.4 Xtreme Low Power Technlogy Development Using a Virtual Design Flow: Enabling Technologies for Ambient Intelligence Applications 245 P. Christie, R. K. M. Ng, G. Doornbos, A. Heringa, A. Kumar, and V. H. Nguyen. Section 5. Energy Supply and Management 263 5.1 Energy Scavenging in Support of Ambient Intelligence: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions 265 Shad Roundy, V. Sundararajan, Jessy Baker, Eric Carleton, Elizabeth Reilly, Brian Otis, Jan Rabaey, and Paul Wright 5.2 Power Management Options for AmI Applications 285 Derk Reefman, and Eugenio Cantatore 5.3 Rechageable Batteries: Efficient Energy Storage Devices for Wireless Electronics 315 P.H.L. Notten Section 6. Enabling Technologies and Devices 347 6.1 Personal Healthcare Devices 349 Steffen Leonhardt 6.2 Carbon Nanotube Field-effect Transistors—The Importance of Being Small 371 Joachim Knoch and Joerg Appenzeller 6.3 Hardware for Ambient Sound Reproduction 403 Ronald M. Aarts CONTENTS vii 6.4 Secret Key Generation from Classical Physics: Physical Uncloneable Functions 421 Pim Tuyls and Boris Sˇkoric´ Section 7. Conclusions 449 7.1 Conclusions and Key Challenges 451 Satyen Mukherjee Subject Index 459 Author Index 471 Contributing Authors Ronald M. Aarts Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Anteneh Abbo Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Joerg Appenzeller IBM Research [email protected] Jessy Baker University of California at Berkeley Srinivasan Balakrishnan Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Kees van Berkel Philips Research Eindhoven Eindhoven University of Technology [email protected] Eric Beyne IMEC, Leuven [email protected] Neil C. Bird Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Erik Bodegom Department ofMicroelectronics/DIMES, Delft University of Technology [email protected] ix x Contributing Authors Benton H. Calhoun University of Virginia [email protected] Eugenio Cantatore Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Eric Carleton University of California at Berkeley Anantha Chandrakasan Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] Yuen-Hui Chee Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley P. Christie Philips Research Leuven [email protected] Stephane Donnay IMEC, Leuven G. Doornbos Philips Research Leuven [email protected] Gerhard Fettweis Technische Universita¨t Dresden [email protected] Bert Gyselinckx IMEC, Leuven [email protected] Rick Harwig Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] A. Heringa Philips Research Leuven [email protected] Chris Van Hoof IMEC, Leuven CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xi Henk van Houten Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Ralf Irmer Technische Universita¨t Dresden [email protected] Richard Kleihorst Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Joachim Knoch Institute for Thin Films and Interfaces, Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich [email protected] A. Kumar Philips Research Leuven [email protected] Willem Laflere ESAT-MICAS, KULeuven [email protected] Geert Langereis Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Steffen Leonhardt HelmholtzInstituteofBiomedicalEngineering,RWTHAachenUniversity [email protected] Hugo De Man Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, IMEC [email protected] Patrick P.E. Meuwissen Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected] Satyen Mukherjee Philips Research North America [email protected] Rick Nas Philips Research Eindhoven [email protected]
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