Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins (SPR Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins (RSC)) (vol. 7) PDF
Preview Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins (SPR Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins (RSC)) (vol. 7)
A Specialist Periodical Report Amino-acids, Peptides, and Proteins Volume 7 A Review of the Literature Published during 1974 Senior Reporter R. C. Sheppard, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge ISBN : 0 85186 064 8 ISSN: 0306-0004 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 72-92548 @ Copyright 1976 The Chemical Society Burlington House, London, WIV OBN Reporters G. C. Barrett, Oxford Polyfechnic J. Bridgen, MRC Laborafory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge B. W. Bycroft, University of Noffingham E. A. Carrey, Universify of Newcasfle A. R. Fersht, MRC Laborafory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge R. D. Gillard, University of Wales, Cardiff R. W. Hay, University of Sfirling C. E. Johnson, University of Liverpool P. Knowles, University of Leeds H. Muirhead, Universify of Brisfol D. Osguthorpe, University of Manchesfer R. H. Pain, University ofNewcastle G. R. Penzer, University of York H. W. E. Rattle, Portsmouth Polyfechnic 6. Robson, Universify of Manchester D. J. Schafer, National Research Developmenf Corporafion, London R. M. Stephens, Porfsmoufh Polyfechnic 1. D. Walker, MRC Laborafory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge J. E. Walker, MRC Laborafory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge D. R. Williams, University of Sf. Andrews E. J. Wood, Universify of Leeds Orpanic formulae cnmaored hv Wripht’s Svmhnlset method Preface This seventh Report reviews papers relevant to the chemistry of amino-acids, peptides and proteins published in the main journals during 1974. In the two preceding volumes, Chapter 5 on ‘Chemical Structure and Biological Activity’ dealt almost exclusively with peptide hormones and related compounds. This year it covers enzymes for the first time. The biennial review of metal derivatives appears this year in Chapter 6. The other main areas surveyed are the same as those in Volume 6. Once again it is a pleasure to thank most warmly the many contributors to this volume. c. R. SHEPPARD Contents Chapter 1 Amino-acids 1 By G. C. Barrett 1 Introduction 1 Textbooks and Reviews 1 2 Naturally Occurring Amino-acids Occurrence of -own Amino-acids New Natural Free Amino-acids New Amino-acids from Hydrolysates 3 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino-acids 5 Asymmetric Synthesis 5 General Methods of Synthesis 6 Prebiotic Synthesis; Model Reactions 8 Protein and Other Naturally Occurring Amino-acids 9 a-Alkyl and awDialky1 Amino-acids 10 Amino-acids with Unsaturated Functional Groups in Side-chains 10 Amino-acids with Hydroxyalkyl Side-chains 10 Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Amino-acids 11 N-Substituted Amino-acids 12 Amino-acids containing Sulphur 13 A list of Amino-acids which have been synthesized for the First Time 13 Labelled Amino-acids 14 Resolution of Amino-acids 15 4 Physical and Stereochemical Studies of Amino-acids 16 Crystal Structures of Amino-acids 16 N.M.R. Spectroscopy 17 O.R.D. and C.D. Spectra 19 Mass Spectrometry 20 Other Physical and Theoretical Studies 20 Determination of Absolute Con5guration and Optical Purity of Amino-acids 21 5 Chemical Studies of Amino-acids 21 Racemization 21 General Reactions 22 vi Contents Specific Reactions 24 Specific Reactions of Amino-acids Related to Biochemical Processes 24 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino-acids 25 6 Analytical Methods 25 General 25 Gas-Liquid Chromatography 26 Ion-exchange and Partition Column Chromatography 27 Thin-layer Chromatography 28 Colorimetric Procedures for the Analysis of Amino-acids 28 Other Analytical Methods 29 Determination of Specific Amino-acids 29 Chapter 2 Structural Investigations of Peptides and Proteins 31 I: Primary Structure and Chemical Modification By J. Bridgen, I. D. Walker, and J. E. Walker 1 Introduction 31 2 Protein Isolation and Characterization 31 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Molecular Weight Determination 32 Isolation of Proteins 32 Afiity Chromatography 33 3 Subunit Structure and Biological Function 37 Enzymes 37 Ribosomal Proteins 39 Membrane Proteins 40 Miscellaneous 42 Colicin E3 Immunity Protein 42 Chromosomal Proteins 43 Muscle Proteins 43 Interferon 43 Sexual Inducer 68 4 Chemical Modification 68 Methods 68 Thiol Groups 68 Disulphide Bridges 69 Amino-groups 69 Phosphoserine 70 Iodination 70 Cross-linking Reagents 70 Applications 72 General Summary 72 Contents vii Topographical Studies 72 Membrane Proteins 72 Ribosomal Proteins 74 Affinity Labelling 78 Immunoglobulins 78 Miscellaneous 100 5 Protein Sequence Methods 100 Cleavage Methods 100 Enzymic Methods 100 Chemical Methods 101 Detection Methods 101 Fluorescamine 101 End-group Analysis 102 Amino-acid Analysis 102 Hydrolysis 102 Ion-exchange Chromatography 102 Gas-Liquid Chromatography 103 Integration of Results 103 Automatic Sequencers 104 Thiohydantoin Analysis 105 Gas-Liquid Chromatography 105 Thin-layer Chromatography 105 Mass Spectrometry 105 6 Primary Structures 107 Structural Proteins 107 Collagen 107 Elastin 107 Muscle Proteins 109 Myosin 109 Troponin 110 Enzymes 110 Anthranilate Synthetase 110 Trios Phosphate Isomerase 111 Dihydrofolate Reductase 111 Glutamate Dehydrogenase 111 Superoxide Dismutase 113 Blood-clotting Proteins 114 Pronase 116 Phospholipase A 116 Protein Synthesis Factors 117 Elongation Factor 2 117 tRNA Synthetases 118 Histones 118 Histone I 118 Histone IIb 118 ... Contents Vlll Histone I11 118 Histone IV 119 Lipoproteins and Membrane Proteins 119 Lipoproteins 119 Myelin 119 Cytochromes b 120 Glycoproteins 120 Blood-group-specific Glycoproteins 120 Fetuin 121 Collagen 121 Immunoglobulins 121 Immunoglobulins 122 Heterogeneous Immunoglobulins 122 Homogeneous Immunoglobulins 122 Mutant Immunoglobulins 124 Complement Fixation 125 Complement 125 Hormones 125 Parathyroid and Proparathyroid Hormones 125 Prolactin 126 Intestinal Peptides 126 Haemoglo bin 126 11: X-Ray Studies 148 By H. Muirhead 1 Introduction 148 2 Data Collection and Protein Structure Analysis 149 3 Antibody Structure and Antigen Binding 157 4 Dehydrogenases and Kinases 160 Lobster ~-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatDe ehydrogenase 161 Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase 162 Phosphoglycerate Kinase and Adenylate Kinase 163 Yeast Hexokinase B 164 5 Proteolytic Enzymes 164 Chymotrypsin and Trypsin 164 Trypsin Inhibitor 165 Lysozyme 167 Thermoly sin 168 Ri bonuclease 170 6 Haemoglobin 170 7 Structures of Other Globular Proteins 172 Cont ents ix 8 viruses 173 9 Fibrous Proteins 174 Polypeptides 174 Collagen 174 Muscle 175 Filamentous Bacterial Viruses 175 Murein Layer of Bacteria 176 Bacterial Flagella 176 Ill: Conformation of Peptides and Proteins 176 Edited by R. H. Pain 1 Theoretical Aspects of Protein Conformation 176 Contributed by B. Robson and D. Osgufhorpe Introduction 176 Techniques for Calculating Conformational Energies 177 Interaction of Water with Polypeptides and Proteins 178 Structure and Folding of Globular Proteins 180 Local Interactions on Globular Proteins 180 Studies on Polypeptides not related to Globular Proteins 181 Conclusions 181 2 Folding of Globular Proteins 182 Contributed by E. A. Carrey The Two-state Transition 182 Theory of Nucleation and Folding 183 Influence of Sequence on Conformation 184 Variations in Protein Sequence 184 Covalent Breaks in the Primary Sequence 184 Peptide Fragments Obtained from Proteins 185 Folding-Unfolding Transitions 186 Probes of Structural Change 186 Susceptibility to Enzymic Digestion 187 Disulphide Bond Formation 187 The Influence of Intermolecular Interactions on Folding 188 Haem Proteins 188 Immunoglobulins 189 Denaturing Conditions 189 3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 190 Contributed by H. W. E. Rattle Techniques 190 Peptides 191 Enzymes 193 Iron-binding and Haem Proteins 195 Miscellaneous 196 X Contents 4 spin Labels 196 Contributed by P. Knowles Haemoglobin 197 Phosphorylase 197 Chymotrypsin 198 Dehydrogenases 198 ATPases 199 Muscle 200 Polypeptide Elongation Factor 200 Slow Tumbling 200 Biradicals 201 Membranes 202 Membrane-b ound Proteins 202 Lateral Phase Separations 203 Lateral Expansion 203 Fluidity Gradients 204 Permeability 204 5 Fluorescence 204 Confributed by G. R. Penzer Theory, Methods, and Techniques 205 Technical Developments 205 Newer Methods 206 Quenching of Fluorescence 207 Analysis of Results 208 General Comments 208 Fluorescent Probes 209 Covalent Labels 209 Probes with some Biological Specificity 210 Non-covalent Probes Lacking Biological Specificity 212 Intrinsic Fluorescence 21 3 Conformation 21 3 Ligand Binding 216 6 Infrared Spectroscopy 217 Confributed by R. M. Sfephens Model Compounds 217 Polypeptides 219 Proteins 220 7 Miissbauer Spectroscopy 22 1 Confribufed by C. E. Johnson Haem Proteins 221 Iron-Sulphur Proteins 223 Ferritin 227 Hormones 227 Vitamin Bll 227
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