Amino acids in animal nutrition PDF
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Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition Second Edition Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition Second Edition Edited by J.P.F. D’Mello Formerly of the Scottish Agricultural College Edinburgh, UK CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 44 Brattle Street Wallingford 4th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02138 UK USA Tel: +44 (0) 1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0) 1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechani- cally, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Amino acids in animal nutrition / edited by J.P.F. D’Mello.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-654-X (alk. paper) 1. Amino acids in animal nutrition. I. D’Mello, J.P. Felix. SF98.A4 A44 2003 636.08(cid:2)52--dc21 2002011559 ISBN 0 85199 654 X Typeset in 9/11 Souvenir Light by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Abbreviations xi PART I: GENERAL ASPECTS 1 Amino Acids as Multifunctional Molecules 1 J.P.F. D’Mello 2 Amino Acid Analysis of Feeds 15 J. Fontaine 3 Absorption of Amino Acids and Peptides 41 C.R. Krehbiel and J.C. Matthews 4 An Outline of Pathways in Amino Acid Metabolism 71 J.P.F. D’Mello 5 Amino Acid Metabolism in Animals: an Overview 87 B.J. Bequette 6 Essential to Non-essential Amino Acid Ratios 103 J. Heger 7 Adverse Effects of Amino Acids 125 J.P.F. D’Mello PART II: PIGS 8 Methionine–Cystine Relationships in Pig Nutrition 143 A.J. Lewis 9 Ideal Dietary Amino Acid Profiles for Pigs 157 S. Boisen 10 Digestible Amino Acids in Diet Formulation for Pigs 169 R. Mosenthin and M. Rademacher 11 Modelling Amino Acid Metabolism and the Estimation of Amino 187 Acid Requirements P.J. Moughan and M.F. Fuller 12 Amino Acid Utilization for Reproduction in Sows 203 S.W. Kim and R.A. Easter v vi Contents PART III: POULTRY 13 Ideal Amino Acid Patterns for Broiler Chicks 223 D.H. Baker 14 Responses of Growing Poultry to Amino Acids 237 J.P.F. D’Mello PART IV: RUMINANTS 15 Metabolism and De Novo Synthesis of Amino Acids by Rumen Microbes 265 C. Atasoglu and R.J. Wallace 16 Modelling Amino Acid Metabolism in Ruminants 291 R.L. Baldwin, C.C. Calvert, P.H. Robinson and H.A. Johnson 17 Amino Acid Utilization for Wool Production 309 S.M. Liu and D.G. Masters 18 Amino Acid Utilization by Growing and Finishing Ruminants 329 E.C. Titgemeyer 19 Mammary Uptake and Metabolism of Amino Acids by Lactating 347 Ruminants B.J. Bequette, M.D. Hanigan and H. Lapierre 20 Effects of Amino Acids on Milk Production 367 D.G. Chamberlain and J.-M. Yeo 21 Predicting Dietary Amino Acid Adequacy for Ruminants 389 D.G. Fox and L.O. Tedeschi PART V: OTHER ANIMALS 22 Canine and Feline Amino Acid Requirements for Different Physiological 411 Functions W.H. Hendriks 23 Amino Acid Requirements of Finfish and Crustaceans 427 R.P. Wilson PART VI: APPLICATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 24 Crystalline Amino Acids and Nitrogen Emission 449 M.W.A. Verstegen and A.W. Jongbloed 25 Economic Assessment of Amino Acid Responses in Growing Poultry 459 M. Pack, D. Hoehler and A. Lemme 26 Conclusions 485 J.P.F. D’Mello Index 503 Contributors Atasoglu, C. Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK. Present address: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey Baker, D.H. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Baldwin, R.L. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616–8521, USA Bequette, B.J. Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Boisen, S.Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark Calvert, C.C. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616–8521, USA Chamberlain, D.G. Hannah Research Institute, Hannah Research Park, Ayr KA6 5HL, UK D’Mello, J.P.F. Formerly of The Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK Easter, R.A. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 122 Mumford Hall, 1301 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Fontaine, J. Feed Additives Division, Degussa AG, Applied Technology 913-205, PO Box 1345, D-63403 Hanau, Germany Fox, D.G.Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Fuller, M.F. Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Hanigan, M.D.Dairy Research Group, Purina Mills Inc., St Louis, MO 63144, USA Heger, J.Biofaktory Praha s.r.o., Generala Piky 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic Johnson, H.A. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616–8521, USA Hendriks, W.H. Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Hoehler, D. Degussa AG, Applied Technology Feed Additives, PO Box 1345, D-63457 Hanau, Germany vii viii Contributors Jongbloed, A.W.ID-TNO Animal Nutrition, Lelystad, The Netherlands Kim, S.W. Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 2141, 123 Animal Science Building, Lubbock, TX 79209, USA Krehbiel, C.R.Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA Lapierre, H. Dairy and Swine R & D Research Centre, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada J1M 1Z3 Lemme, A. Degussa AG, Applied Technology Feed Additives, PO Box 1345, D-63457 Hanau, Germany Lewis, A.J. Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA Liu, S.M.CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 5, PO Wembley, WA 6913, Australia Masters, D.G. CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 5, PO Wembley, WA 6913, Australia Matthews, J.C. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA Mosenthin, R. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany Moughan, P.J. Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Pack, M. Degussa AG, Applied Technology Feed Additives, PO Box 1345, D-63457 Hanau, Germany Rademacher, M.Feed Additives Division, Degussa AG, Applied Technology, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, PO Box 1345, D-63457 Hanau, Germany Robinson, P.H. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616–8521, USA Tedeschi, L.O. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Titgemeyer, E.C. Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, 132 Call Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA Verstegen, M.W.A. Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 338, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Wallace, R.J. Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Wilson, R.P. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Box 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA Yeo, J.-M.Hannah Research Institute, Hannah Research Park, Ayr KA6 5HL, UK Preface The previous edition of this book (published in 1994 with the title Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition) was well received by academic and commercial users and by critics undertak- ing reviews on behalf of international journals. Citation of individual chapters in various research publications has also been a source of considerable satisfaction. Amino acid metabolism and nutrition of farm animals continues to be an active area of research, with new data now widely published in proceedings of international conferences and in journals. A new edition would, therefore, be justified for this reason alone. However, in addi- tion, there is a need to take into account advances in the amino acid nutrition of a wider range of animals, including companion animals. There is also a need to address changes in focus and to recognize the efforts of new scientists in the field and the role of our commercial colleagues. I am now able to offer an enlarged version with the not too dissimilar title of Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition. In this new edition of Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, I have attempted to retain chap- ters imparting strength to the first version, while introducing authors with new ideas and vision. I have also addressed comments I received from external reviewers, chiefly to do with overlap. The book is thematically structured. Part I includes chapters of an introductory and general nature with applications to a wide range of animal species. The next four parts are species- related sections, including pigs (Part II), poultry (Part III), ruminants (Part IV) and other animals (Part V). The chapters in the final section (Part VI) cover applications and perspectives. A unify- ing theme emerging from these sections is the improved outlook for pure amino acids, against a backdrop of restrictions in the use of protein feeds from animal sources. Another noticeable feature of recent work is a significant shift from empirical supplementation studies to fundamen- tals such as signalling and molecular aspects. As ever, methodological innovations are the key to improved understanding of the amino acid nutrition of animals; examples of recent advances will be found throughout all sections of this book. Comparative issues are given greater promi- nence in the new edition compared to the earlier version. The aim continues to be to improve exchange and integration of information across the species barrier. Many excellent reviews on different aspects of protein and amino acid nutrition have appeared since the publication of the first edition. For example, two reviews on the measurement and significance of protein turnover and inter-organ amino acid flux recently appeared in the book entitled Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutritionpublished in 2000 by CABI Publishing. ix
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