America’s Military Adversaries America’s Military Adversaries From Colonial Times to the Present By John C. Fredriksen B Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright © 2001 by John C. Fredriksen All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fredriksen, John C. America’s military adversaries : from colonial times to the present / by John C. Fredriksen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-603-2 (Hardcover : alk. paper); 1-57607-604-0 (e-book) 1. United States—History, Military—Dictionaries. 2. Enemies (Persons)—Biography—Dictionaries. 3. Spies—Biography—Dictionaries. 4. Traitors—United States—Biography—Dictionaries. 5. Heads of state—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Title. E181.F83 2001 355'.00973—dc21 2001005293 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper I. Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface and Acknowledgments, ix America’s Military Adversaries, 1 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 1 Buchanan, Franklin, 81 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, Alexander, Edward Porter, 3 Burgoyne, John, 82 163 Alligator, 6 Butler, John, 86 Fraser, Simon, 164 American Horse, 7 Butler, Walter, 88 Frontenac, Comte de, Louis Anabuki, Satoshi, 9 Campbell, Archibald, 90 de Buade, 167 Anderson, Richard Heron, 11 Canonchet, 93 Fuchida, Mitsuo, 169 Anderson, William, 14 Captain Jack, 95 Gage, Thomas, 172 Andre, John, 16 Carleton, Guy, 97 Galland, Adolf, 175 Arbuthnot, Marriot, 18 Cervera, Pascual, 100 Gallwitz, Max von, 178 Arnim, Hans-Jurgen, 21 Cixi, 102 Germain, George Sackville, Arnold, Benedict, 24 Cleburne, Patrick Ronayne, 180 Arnold, Margaret, 26 105 Geronimo, 182 Ashby, Turner, 28 Clinton, Henry, 107 Giap, Vo Nguyen, 184 Bacon, Nathaniel, 30 Cochise, 110 Girty, Simon, 188 Balck, Hermann, 33 Cochrane, Alexander Gordon, John Brown, 191 Bär, Heinz, 35 Forester Inglis, 111 Göring, Hermann, 193 Barboncito, 37 Cockburn, Sir George, 114 Gorshkov, Sergei Barclay, Robert Heriot, 39 Collier, George, 117 Georgievich, 196 Baum, Friedrich, 42 Cornplanter, 119 Grant, James, 198 Bayerlein, Fritz, 44 Cornstalk, 122 Graves, Thomas, 201 Bee, Barnard Elliott, 47 Cornwallis, Charles, 124 Grey, Charles, 203 de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Coulon de Villiers, Louis, 128 Haldimand, Frederick, 206 Moyne, 48 Coulon de Villiers de Hamilton, Henry, 208 Bisshopp, Cecil, 51 Jumonville, Joseph, 129 Harvey, John, 211 Black Hawk, 53 Crazy Horse, 131 Hashimoto, Mochitsura, 213 Black Kettle, 55 Crittenden, George Bibb, 133 Hausser, Paul, 216 Blaskowitz, Johannes, 57 d’Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Heth, Henry, 219 de Bougainville, Louis- 135 Hill, Daniel Harvey, 221 Antoine, 59 Davis, Jefferson, 137 Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig de Bourlamaque, François- Dieskau, Jean-Armand, 140 von, 223 Charles, 62 Dietrich, Josef, 142 Hindman, Thomas Boyd, Belle, 64 Dönitz, Karl, 145 Carmichael, 226 Bragg, Braxton, 66 Drummond, Gordon, 148 Hitler, Adolf, 228 Brant, Joseph, 68 Dull Knife, 152 Hoke, Robert Frederick, 231 Breckinridge, John Cabell, 69 Evans, Nathan George, 154 Homma, Masaharu, 233 Brock, Isaac, 72 Ferguson, Patrick, 156 Hood, John Bell, 235 Broke, Philip Bowes Vere, 76 Fitzgibbon, James, 158 Howe, Richard, 237 Brooke, Arthur, 79 Floyd, John Buchanan, 161 Howe, William, 240 v C ONTENTS Huger, Benjamin, 243 Morrison, Joseph Wanton, Riedesel, Friedrich Adolphus Hussein, Saddam, 246 337 von, 430 Imboden, John Daniel, 249 Murray, John, 339 Roman Nose, 432 Jackson, Thomas J. Mussolini, Benito, 342 Rommel, Erwin, 434 “Stonewall”, 251 Nagumo, Chuichi, 344 Ross, Robert, 437 Jodl, Alfred, 253 Nana, 347 Rottenburg, Francis de, Johnson, Guy, 255 Nishizawa, Hiroyoshi, 348 440 Johnson, John, 257 Norton, John, 351 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 442 Johnston, Joseph E., 259 Oconostota, 353 Sakai, Saburo, 445 Joseph, 261 O’Hara, Charles, 355 de Salaberry, Charles-Michael Kamiakin, 263 Osceola, 357 d’Irumberry, 448 Karamanli, Yusuf, 265 Pakenham, Edward, 359 Sandino, Augusto, 450 Kato, Tateo, 268 Parker, Peter, 362 de Santa Anna, Antonio Keitel, Wilhelm, 270 Parker, Quanah, 364 López, 453 Kesselring, Albert, 273 Pearson, Richard, 367 Sassacus, 456 Kim Il Sung, 275 Pecaudy de Contrecoeur, Satanta, 458 Kluge, Gunther Hans von, Claude-Pierre, 369 Secord, Laura Ingersoll, 461 278 Peiper, Jochem, 371 Senger und Etterlin, Fridolin Knyphausen, Wilhelm von, Pelham, John, 373 von, 463 281 Pemberton, John Clifford, Sheaffe, Roger Hale, 466 Lee, Robert E., 283 375 Sherbrooke, John Coape, Leisler, Jacob, 286 Peng Dehuai, 378 469 Leslie, Alexander, 289 Pepelyaev, Yevgenij, 382 Sibley, Henry Hopkins, Levis, François-Gaston, 291 Percy, Hugh, 384 471 Little Turtle, 293 Pettigrew, James Johnston, Simcoe, John Graves, 473 Little Wolf, 295 387 Sitting Bull, 476 Logan, James, 297 Phillips, William, 389 Skorzeny, Otto, 478 Longstreet, James, 299 Pigot, Robert, 392 Smith, Francis, 481 Looking Glass, 301 Pillow, Gideon Johnson, St. Leger, Barry, 483 Loring, William Wing, 303 394 Stewart, Alexander, 486 Lovell, Mansfield, 306 Pitcairn, John, 396 Stuart, J.E.B. “Jeb”, 488 Ludendorff, Erich von, 308 Pontiac, 399 Student, Kurt, 490 Macdonnell, George, 311 Pouchot de Maupas, Pierre, Tall Bull, 493 Magruder, John Bankhead, 401 Tanaka, Razio, 494 313 Prevost, Augustin, 403 Tarleton, Banastre, 497 Mangas Coloradas, 315 Prevost, George, 405 Taylor, Richard, 500 Manteuffel, Hasso von, 317 Price, Sterling, 408 Tecumseh, 502 Manuelito, 320 Proctor, Henry, 411 Tenskwatawa, 505 McGillivray, Alexander, 322 Quantrill, William Clarke, Tojo, Hideki, 507 Merritt, William Hamilton, 413 Tokyo Rose, 510 324 Rain-in-the-Face, 415 Tryon, William, 512 Micanopy, 326 Rall, Johann Gottlieb, 418 Van Dorn, Earl, 515 Model, Walter, 328 Rawdon-Hastings, Francis, de Vaudreuil, Philippe de Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de 420 Rigaud, 517 Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis Red Cloud, 422 de Vaudreuil, Pierre de of, 331 Riall, Phineas, 425 Rigaud, 519 Montojo, Patricio, 334 Riedesel, Frederika, 427 Victorio, 522 vi C ONTENTS Villa, Pancho, 524 Wildcat, 529 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 534 Vincent, John, 527 Yamamoto, Isoroku, 531 Yeo, James Lucas, 537 Appendix A: Listing by Occupation, 541 Appendix B: Listing by Conflict, 544 Bibliography, 546 Index, 597 About the Author, 621 vii Preface and Acknowledgments A persistent failing of American second- regulars to the Waffen-SS are all represented ary education is its inability to impart to underscore the variety of opponents that meaningful national history on to American forces have grappled with. But young minds. Nowhere is this more pro- more than any other consideration, this book nounced than in the realm of military history. is intended as a starting point for inquiring Despite a bewildering variety of publications, minds. Each essay contains extensive biblio- and burgeoning public interest in the topic, graphic references containing the latest and young people usually have to wait until col- up-to-date scholarship on a given personality, lege to encounter such courses, or head to the battle, or campaign. Special effort has been public library and learn on their own. Given made to include writings by these same indi- the centrality of warfare to human events, and viduals to facilitate that mind-to-mind contact the dire necessity of understanding war in so essential to the historical process. Wher- order to avoid it, this is a sorry lapse, indeed. ever appropriate, entries are cross-referenced Moreover, the products available are not al- to other relevant biographies. Any name that ways balanced in their treatment of battles appears in boldface type means that person and foreign military leaders. Books abound is included in this volume, and separate sec- on U.S. personalities, but those touching upon tions following most entries list cross-refer- hostile commanders are either nonexistent or ences. It thus becomes possible to research so sparsely covered that their utility is ex- and view a given battle or campaign from dif- tremely limited. All told, this remains a less fering perspectives. In the interest of objectiv- than salubrious situation, one scarcely ad- ity—a necessary prerequisite of intellectual dressed by the reference materials extant. honesty—it takes two sides to tell a story. America’s Military Adversariesis the first Like its forebear, America’s Military Adver- reference book to discuss leaders that have saries exudes sufficient breadth and depth to opposed the United States by military force— inform, enlighten, and, above all, stimulate re- or other means. It has been specifically de- search on the lives and events chronicled. signed to address reference deficiencies asso- Since its inception as a colony, the United ciated with this topic and, in many respects, States has engaged in numerous wars of sur- closely mirrors the philosophy of my earlier, vival and expansion. In the course of these con- award-winning effort, American Military flicts, many leaders of the opposing side stand Leaders(2 vols., ABC-CLIO, 1999). It was con- out as among the best and most talented of ceived with a largely uninformed, high school their times. Be they Native American, Euro- to undergraduate audience in mind and is de- pean, or Asiatic, these personalities usually livered in nontechnical narrative prose. The mounted stout and memorable resistance. The 223 subjects covered represent a wide array victories we achieved over them or, in some in- of disciplines within military history and are stances, the defeats we suffered at their hands rendered in concise, uniform fashion for ease all constitute threads in the tapestry of our na- of use and comprehension. Each essay pro- tional military experience. However, the exact vides succinct background information, then number of these belligerent personalities is highlights the person’s role or impact within large and would fill several volumes. Therefore, the overall context of U.S. military history. my goal in writing this book was to assemble a This could assume many forms. Present are working cross-section of all the significant lead- generals, admirals, Indian chiefs, warriors, ers, as well as a host of lesser-known individu- submarine captains, fighter pilots, and spies. als, who have opposed America by force of Branches of service as diverse as Loyalist ir- arms. This is their story—and ours. ix P A REFACE AND CKNOWLEDGMENTS For nearly two and a half centuries, Amer- was successfully concluded. The British were ica’s most constant military opponents were tough professional adversaries, but they usu- the Native Americans. Despite varied origins ally subjected themselves to closely pre- and languages, they were determined to de- scribed laws of war. The same cannot be said fend their land against European expansion. for their Loyalist allies, for whenever Ameri- A succession of capable chiefs, from Canon- cans fought Americans the result was usually chet and Sassacus to American Horse and Lit- desperation and slaughter. In this respect the tle Wolf, all tried and failed to stop their more American Revolution more closely resembles numerous and technologically superior oppo- a civil war and all the animosity such contests nents. In the course of these sporadic hostili- engender. ties, both sides committed unspeakable atroc- With independence won, the new United ities and should be condemned for such States became a player on the world stage, al- deeds. Still, Amerindians of every variety did though lacking a major army or navy to pro- not surrender their homeland peacefully, and tect its interests. The Barbary pirates of North they fought with a tenacity and sacrifice that Africa were quick to sense such weakness, is truly admirable. Collectively, they were for- and their rapaciousness stimulated the first midable opponents. American military expedition abroad. Shortly The French colonialists of Canada also after, the United States found itself embroiled proved a force to reckon with. The noted in the War of 1812 against England—itself an sailor D’Iberville was the terror of northern outgrowth of the larger Napoleonic conflagra- Maine during King William’s War and Queen tion. Again, the badly trained and poorly led Anne’s War, and his Gallic counterparts of the American levies were pitted against splendid decisive French and Indian War like Levis, professionals—with predictable results. On Bourlamaque, and the immortal Montcalm land, Isaac Brock remains hailed as the savior also fought with distinction. Defeat does not of Canada, whereas the lesser-known but diminish their well-deserved reputations for equally capable Gordon Drummond per- bravery and technical competence. formed similar work against American forces In 1775 the burgeoning American colonies, that were much better prepared. At sea, the having dispensed with numerous Indian and Royal Navy was initially surprised by the vi- French obstacles, finally coalesced into a new tality of the small but highly effective U.S. country—the United States—and declared in- Navy. But within a year, Captain Philip Broke dependence. This act brought them face-to- ended a string of American naval victories by face with the redoubtable army and navy of capturing the USS Chesapeake. Shortly after, Great Britain, which possessed highly trained, British army and naval forces under Admirals rigorously disciplined soldiers and sailors. In George Cockburn and Alexander Cochrane turn, they were led by some of the finest tacti- made their presence felt throughout Chesa- cal minds of their age: Howe, Cornwallis, peake Bay—and even burned the U.S. capital. Clinton, Parker, and Grey. Outnumbered but If anything, the War of 1812 underscored almost never outfought, the vaunted redcoats America’s dire necessity for adopting rational came very close to extinguishing a sometimes defense schemes and maintaining trained clumsy American war effort through their un- forces that were second to none. It was a les- paralleled battlefield prowess. In addition, the son painfully learned. numerous professional German soldiers they Ironically—and tragically—America’s most hired—the Hessians—were also worthy ad- bitter enemies came from among its own citi- versaries when led by the likes of Gens. zens. The Civil War of 1861–1865 was eventu- Knyphausen and Riedesel. Fortunately, U.S. ally suppressed, but it resulted in higher casu- forces improved with experience, and the war alties than any other conflict in U.S. history. x
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