American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease, Second Edition: One Hundred Years of Research PDF
Preview American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease, Second Edition: One Hundred Years of Research
American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease Thispageintentionallyleftblank American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease One Hundred Years of Research Second Edition Edited by Jenny Telleria Unite´ MixtedeRecherche:InstitutdeRecherchepourle De´veloppement(IRD)/CIRAD(Larechercheagronomique pourlede´veloppement),MontpellierCedex,France Michel Tibayrenc MaladiesInfectieusesetVecteursEcologie,Ge´ne´tique, EvolutionetControˆleMIVEGEC(InstitutdeRecherchepourle De´veloppement224-CentreNationaldelaRecherche Scientifique5290-Universite´sdeMontpellier1and2), CentreIRD,Montpellier,France Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-801029-7 ForInformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com Publisher:SaraTenney AcquisitionEditor:LindaVersteeg-Buschman EditorialProjectManager:HalimaWilliams ProductionProjectManagers:KarenEastandKirstyHalterman CoverDesigner(Elsevier):GregHarris TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xv Preface xix 1 HistoryofthediscoveryoftheAmericanTrypanosomiasis (Chagasdisease) 1 T.Araujo-Jorge,J.TelleriaandJ.R.Dalenz Abeautifulhistoryoflifeandwork 1 Thehistoryofasignificantdiscovery 6 SalvadorMazza:markedthehistoryoftheknowledgeofhisdisease 10 CecilioRomanha:hiscontributiontotheidentificationofthedisease 11 FirstevidenceofTrypanosomiasisAmericana(Chagasdisease) invariouscountriesofLatinAmerica 12 Chagasdisease100yearsafterthediscovery 16 Acknowledgments 18 References 18 2 Chagasdiseaseinpre-Colombiancivilizations 23 F.Guhl Introduction 23 Geneticvariation 24 Archeology 25 Biochemistry(Bioarcheology) 25 Theparasitetransmissioncycle 27 Insectvectorsassociatedwiththehumanhabitats 29 Historical overview 32 Pre-HispanicsettlementsinareasoftransmissionofT.cruzi 34 OralinfectionbyT.cruzi 39 EvidenceofhumanT.cruziinfectioninpre-Colombiancivilizations 40 References 44 3 SocialandmedicalaspectsonChagasdiseasemanagement andcontrol 47 J.C.P.DiasandC.J.Schofield Introduction 47 GeneralframeandcostsofHCD 49 ThemedicalburdenofHCDinendemicandnonendemicareas 49 TheparticularquestionofspecifictreatmentofChagasdisease 52 vi Contents SomesocialremarksconcerningthecontrolofHCD 52 Finalremarks 54 Abbreviations 55 References 55 4 CurrentepidemiologicaltrendsofChagasdiseaseinLatinAmerica andfuturechallenges:epidemiology,surveillance,andhealthpolicies 59 A´.MoncayoandA.C.Silveira Introduction 60 Modesoftransmission 60 Methodsandmeasurementofepidemiologicaltrendsinthecontinent from1980to2006 61 Feasibilityofinterruptionoftransmission 63 Currentcontrolprograms 66 Economicimpact 66 Epidemiologicalimpactintheregion 67 Epidemiologicalimpact 77 Futurechallenges 78 References 84 5 GeographicaldistributionofChagasdisease 89 F.Guhl Introduction 89 Vectorphylogeographyandecology 90 Parasitephylogeographyandecology 94 Epidemiologicalimplicationsofparasitedistributions 95 Vector(cid:1)parasite(cid:1)hostinteractionsandimplicationsforChagasdisease distribution 96 AssessmentofregionsaffectedbyChagasdisease 97 OceaniaandAsia 100 ChagasdiseaseinMexicoandCentralAmerica 101 ChagasdiseaseintheAmazonregion 103 ChagasdiseaseintheAndeanregion 104 ChagasdiseaseintheSouthernConecountries 104 References 106 6 ClassificationandsystematicsoftheTriatominae 113 M.D.Bargues,C.SchofieldandJ.-P.Dujardin Introduction 114 Subfamily:Triatominae 114 Tribesandgenera 118 Conceptofspecies 124 Conclusions 132 Aconsensualapproachtothespecies 133 Acknowledgment 135 References 135 Contents vii 7 BiologyofTriatominae 145 S.S.Catala´,F.NoireauandJ.-P.Dujardin Introduction 145 Generalbiologyofvectors 146 InsightintothebiologyandecologyofTriatominaeinthesilvatic environment 156 Vectorialcapacityanddomesticity 159 Vectorcontrolstrategy 161 Acknowledgments 162 Glossary 162 References 162 8 PopulationgeneticsofTriatominae 169 L.StevensandP.L.Dorn Introduction 169 VectorpopulationstructuredirectsChagasdiseaseepidemiology andcontrol 171 Geneticvariation,populationstructure,andimplications forvectorcontrol 171 GeneticvariationandpopulationstructureofT.infestans,T.dimidiata, R.prolixusandothersignificantvectorsofhumanChagasdisease 180 Perspectiveandfuturedirections 190 Acknowledgments 190 References 191 9 GeographicdistributionofTriatominaevectorsinAmerica 197 D.GorlaandF.Noireau Introduction 197 Limitationofsamplingmethodstoestimatethegeographic distributionofTriatominae 198 PatternofspeciesrichnessintheNewWorldTriatominae 199 DistributionofTriatominaeintheAmericas 201 EnvironmentalvariablesasindicatorsofTriatominaegeographic distribution 207 GlobalwarmingandexpansionofgeographicrangeofT.infestans 212 Glossary 213 References 214 10 ControlstrategiesagainstTriatominae 223 D.GorlaandK.Hashimoto Introduction 223 EliminationofdomesticpopulationsofTriatominae 224 Multinationalinitiatives 225 Thebeginningoftheend? 227 Criteriaforstratificationofvectorcontrolpriorities 230 viii Contents Insecticideresistance 233 Newtechnologiesforvectorcontrol 233 Thepoliticalcommitment 236 Acknowledgments 238 References 238 11 EcologicalaspectsofTrypanosomacruzi:wildhostsandreservoirs 243 A.M.Jansen,S.C.C.XavierandA.L.R.Roque Introduction 243 OrderDidelphimorphia 244 SuperorderXenarthra 247 OrderRodentia 249 OrderPrimata 252 OrderCarnivora 254 OrderChiroptera 256 OrderArtiodactyla 258 References 259 12 Trypanosomacruzienzooticcycle:generalaspects,domestic andsynanthropichostsandreservoirs 265 A.M.Jansen,A.L.R.RoqueandS.C.C.Xavier ThecomplexTrypanosomacruzitransmissioncycle 265 WhataretheTrypanosomacruzireservoirs? 266 Importanceofwildandsynanthropicmammalsinpublichealth—Brazil 269 Domesticmammalianspecies 271 Domesticnonmammalianspecies 273 ImportanceofinfecteddomesticmammalsonpublichealthinBrazil 274 Mixedinfection 275 References 278 13 Veterinary aspects 283 M.Desquesnes Introduction 283 Thevariouswaysofinfectionofanimals(andhumans) 284 Theproblemofdiagnosisinanimals 286 Naturalinfectionsindomesticanimalsandlivestock 288 Experimentalinfectionsinlivestock 290 NewcyclesestablishintheUnitedStates 291 Conclusions 293 References 294 14 ExperimentalstudiesofChagasdiseaseinanimalmodels 299 M.deLana Introduction 299 AnimalspeciesusedasexperimentalmodelinChagasdisease 300 Contents ix Conclusions 314 References 314 15 ClassificationandphylogenyofTrypanosomacruzi 321 P.B.HamiltonandJ.R.Stevens Applicationofmolecularphylogeneticstotrypanosometaxonomy andunderstandingevolution 321 OriginoftrypanosomesandtherelationshipbetweenT.cruzi andT.brucei 323 RelationshipswithinthegenusTrypanosoma 325 Molecularphylogeneticsandtraditionaltaxonomyofmammalian trypanosomes 327 Themaingroupsoftrypanosomesrecognizedinmolecular phylogeneticanalyses 328 TheT.cruziclade 330 TheoriginoftheT.cruziclade 333 Outlook 335 Glossary 335 References 336 16 BiologyofTrypanosomacruziandbiologicaldiversity 345 M.deLanaandE.M.deMenezesMachado Taxonomy 345 Introduction 346 Evolutionarystages 346 Biologicalcycle 348 Biologyinthevertebratehost 348 Biologyintheinvertebratehost 352 BiologicaldiversityofT.cruzi 355 MaintainingT.cruziinthelaboratory 359 Glossary 362 References 363 17 BiochemistryofTrypanosomacruzi 371 R.DocampoandS.N.J.Moreno Introduction 371 ChemotherapyofChagasdisease 372 Metabolic pathwaysinT.cruzithatcouldprovidetargetsfordrugs againstChagasdisease 373 Redoxmetabolism 378 Acidocalcisomebiochemistryandosmoregulation 385 Conclusion 387 Acknowledgments 388 References 388
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