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American Taxation, American Slavery PDF

350 Pages·2006·1.26 MB·English
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American Taxation,American Slavery AMERICAN AMERICAN TAXATION SLAVERY Robin L.Einhorn The University ofChicago Press Chicago & London R L.Eis professor ofhistory at the University ofCalifornia,Berkeley.She is author ofProperty Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833–1872(1991,reissued with new preface,2001),also published by the University ofChicago Press. The University ofChicago Press,Chicago 60637 The University ofChicago Press,Ltd.,London © 2006 by The University ofChicago All rights reserved.Published 2006 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN: 0-226-19487-6 (cloth) Library ofCongress CataloginginPublication Data Einhorn,Robin L.(Robin Leigh),1960– American taxation,American slavery / Robin Einhorn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-226-19487-6 (cloth : alk.paper) 1. Slavery—Political aspects—United States— History.2. Taxation—Political aspects—United States—History.3. Slavery—Economic aspects—United States—History.4. State rights.5. United States—Politics and government—1775–1783.6. United States—Politics and government—1783–1865. I.Title. E441.E38 2006 336.200973—dc22 2005030545 oThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ofthe American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence ofPaper for Printed Library Materials,ANSI Z39.48-1992. To jop3 inevitably  List ofTables,Figures,and Maps ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Prologue: Taxation without Representation 11   Colonial Tax Systems 24 1 Virginia 29 2 Massachusetts 53 3 Variations 79   National Tax Politics 110 4 The Origin ofthe Tariff 117 5 Direct Taxes 157   The Synthesis in the States 200 6 Property Taxes 207 Epilogue: James Madison on Slave Taxes 251 Appendix: How to Talk about Taxes 257 Notes 271 Index 327 vii , ,   Tables 1. The Federal Income Tax as an Apportioned Direct Tax Today 159 2. The 1794 Carriage Tax as an Apportioned Direct Tax,1796 161 3. Apportioning a $1 Tax per Capita (“Federal”): “Compromise”Gloss 176 4. Apportioning a $1 Tax per Capita (“Federal”): “Southern Victory”Gloss 177 5. Apportioning George Mason’s $500,000 Tax as a National Slave Tax,1790 183 6. Party Representation in Congress,1795–1799 186 7. Local Government School Taxes,1850 222 8. State Constitutions,1776–1860 234 9. Incidence ofU.S.Tax Burdens,1985 266 10. Tax Revenue in OECD Countries,2002 268 Figures 1. Federal Tax Revenue,1791–1815 112 2. State Property Taxes per Capita,1810–1850 220 3. Theoretical Incidence ofTaxes 260 4. More Likely Incidence ofTaxes 261 5. Incidence ofU.S.Tax Burdens,1985 265 Maps 1. Adoption ofUniformity Clauses,1776–1860 203 2. The Four “Divisions”ofVirginia,1830 237 ix

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For all the recent attention to the slaveholding of the founding fathers, we still know remarkably little about the influence of slavery on American politics. American Taxation, American Slavery tackles this problem in a new way. Rather than parsing the ideological pronouncements of charismatic slav
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