American Society of Plumbing Engineers Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook

401 Pages·2004·9.34 MB·English

American Society of Plumbing Engineers
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A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifi cations
Volume 1
Fundamentals of
Plumbing Engineering
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007
Chicago, IL 60656-1116
The ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design and
specifi cation of plumbing systems. The publisher makes no guarantees or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the data and infor-
mation contained in this publication. All data and information are provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or other expert assistance
is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007
Chicago, IL 60656-1116
(773) 693-ASPE • Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: www.aspe.org
Copyright © 2004 by American Society of Plumbing Engineers
All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies
by any photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for
sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is
obtained from the publisher.
ISBN 1–891255–21–5
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook
Volume 1
Fundamentals of Plumbing Engineering
Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook
Chairperson: Alan Otts, P.E., CIPE
ASPE Vice-Presidents, Technical: J. Joe Scott, CPD (2003-2004)
Technical and Editorial Review: Jill Dirksen & Jim Camillo
Chairperson: Richard Ellis
CONTRIBUTORS
Chapter 1 Chapter 8
Formulas, Symbols and Terminology Corrosion
C. David Hudson, CPD Jill Dirksen
Chapter 2 Chapter 9
Standards for Plumbing Materials and Equipment Seismic Protection of Plumbing Equipment
Julius Ballanco, P.E. Rich Lloyd
Chapter 3 Chapter 10
Specifi cations Acoustics in Plumbing Systems
Joe Manning, CPD Ted Carnes
Bill Johnson
Chapter 4
Tom Rose
Plumbing Cost Estimation
Steven Skattebo, P.E. Chapter 11
Basics of Value Engineering
Chapter 5
Stanley Wolfson
Job Preparation, Drawings and Field Checklists
Steven Skattebo, P.E. Chapter 12
Green Design for Plumbing Systems
Chapter 6
J. Joe Scott, CPD
Plumbing for People (or Persons) with Disabilities
Patrick McClellan, CPD
Chapter 7
Energy and Resource Conservation in
Plumbing Systems
Aaron Kelly, CPD
About ASPE
The American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) is the international organization for professionals skilled in
the design and specifi cation of plumbing systems. ASPE is dedicated to the advancement of the science of plumbing
engineering, to the professional growth and advancement of its members, and to the health, welfare, and safety of
the public.
The Society disseminates technical data and information, sponsors activities that facilitate interaction with
fellow professionals, and, through research and education programs, expands the base of knowledge of the plumbing
engineering industry. ASPE members are leaders in innovative plumbing design, effective materials and energy use,
and the application of advanced techniques from around the world.
WORLDWIDE MEMBERSHIP — ASPE was founded in 1964 and currently has 7,500 members. Spanning the globe,
members are located in the United States, Canada, Asia, Mexico, South America, the South Pacifi c, Australia, and
Europe. They represent an extensive network of experienced engineers, designers, contractors, educators, code
offi cials, and manufacturers interested in furthering their careers, their profession, and the industry. ASPE is at the
forefront of technology. In addition, ASPE represents members and promotes the profession among all segments of the
construction industry.
ASPE MEMBERSHIP COMMUNICATION — All members belong to ASPE worldwide and have the opportunity to
belong and participate in one of the 62 state, provincial or local chapters throughout the U.S. and Canada. ASPE
chapters provide the major communication links and the fi rst line of services and programs for the individual member.
Communications with the membership is enhanced through the Society’s bimonthly magazine, Plumbing Systems
and Design, and the bimonthly newsletter ASPE Report which is incorporated as part of the magazine.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS — The Society maintains a comprehensive publishing program, spearheaded by the
profession’s basic reference text, the ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook. The Plumbing Engineering
Design Handbook, encompassing 47 chapters in four volumes, provides comprehensive details of the accepted practices
and design criteria used in the fi eld of plumbing engineering. New additions that will shortly join ASPE’s published
library of professional technical manuals andhandbooks include: Pharmaceutical Facilities Design Manual, Electronic
Facilities Design Manual, Health Care Facilities and Hospitals Design Manual, and Water Reuse Design Manual.
CONVENTION AND TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM — The Society hosts biennial Conventions in even-numbered years and
Technical Symposia in odd-numbered years to allow professional plumbing engineers and designers to improve their
skills, learn original concepts, and make important networking contacts to help them stay abreast of current trends
and technologies. In conjunction with each Convention there is an Engineered Plumbing Exposition, the greatest,
largest gathering of plumbing engineering and design products, equipment, and services. Everything from pipes to
pumps to fi xtures, from compressors to computers to consulting services is on display, giving engineers and specifi ers
the opportunity to view the newest and most innovative materials and equipment available to them.
CERTIFIED IN PLUMBING DESIGN — ASPEsponsors a national certifi cation program for engineers and designers of
plumbing systems, which carries the designation “Certifi ed in Plumbing Design” or CPD. The certifi cation program
provides the profession, the plumbing industry, and the general public with a single, comprehensive qualifi cation of
professional competence for engineers and designers of plumbing systems. The CPD, designed exclusively by and for
plumbing engineers, tests hundreds of engineers and designers at centers throughout the United States biennially.
Created to provide a single, uniform national credential in the fi eld of engineered plumbing systems, the CPD program
is not in any way connected to state-regulated Professional Engineer (P.E.) registration.
ASPE RESEARCH FOUNDATION — TheASPE Research Foundation, established in 1976, is the only independent,
impartial organization involved in plumbing engineering and design research. The science of plumbing engineering
affects everything… from the quality of our drinking water to the conservation of our water resources to the building
codes for plumbing systems. Our lives are impacted daily by the advances made in plumbing engineering technology
through the Foundation’s research and development.
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook
(4 Volumes — 47 Chapters)
Volume 2 Plumbing Systems
(Estimated date: Fall 2005)
Chapter 1 Sanitary Drainage Systems
2 Gray-Water Systems
3 Vents and Venting Systems
4 Storm-Drainage Systems
5 Cold-Water Systems
6 Domestic Water-Heating System
7 Fuel-Gas Piping Systems
8 Private Sewage-Disposal Systems
9 Private Water Systems
10 Vacuum Systems
11 Pure Water, Systems
12 Lab-Waste Systems
Volume 3 Special Plumbing Systems
(Estimated date: Fall 2006)
Chapter 1 Fire Protection Systems
2 Plumbing Design for Health-Care Facilities
3 Industrial Waste-Water Treatment
4 Irrigation Systems
5 Refl ecting Pools and Fountains
6 Public Swimming Pools
7 Gasoline and Diesel-Oil Systems
8 Steam and Condensate Systems
9 Compressed Air Systems
10 Site Utility Systems
Volume 4 Plumbing Components and Equipment
(Estimated revision date: Fall 2007)
Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures
2 Piping Systems
3 Valves
4 Pumps
5 Piping Insulation
6 Hangers and Supports
7 Vibration Isolation
8 Grease Interceptors
9 Cross Connection Control
10 Water Treatment
11 Thermal Expansion
12 Potable Water Coolers and Central Water Systems
13 Bioremediation Pretreatment Systems
(The chapters and subjects listed for these volume are subject to modifi cation, adjustment and change.
The contents shown for each volume are proposed and may not represent the fi nal contents of the volume.
A fi nal listing of included chapters for each volume will appear in the actual publication.)

Table of Contents
Chapter 1, Formulas, Symbols and Termmmiiinnnooolllooogggyyy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1
Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Plumbing Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Recommended Practice for Conversion to the International System of Units. . . . . . . . 32
Terminology and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Types of Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Si Unit Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 2, Standards for Plumbing Materials and Equipment. . . . . . .41
Chapter 3, Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Construction Contract Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Defi nition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Project Manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Uniformat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Masterformat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Masterformat 2004—an Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Methods of Specifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Creating the Specifi cation Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Use of Computers in Producing Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Appendix 3-A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Appendix 3-A2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Appendix 3-A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Division 1 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Division 2 Site Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Division 3 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Division 4 Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
ii ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Division 5 Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 6 Wood and Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 8 Doors and Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 9 Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 10 Specialties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 11 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Division 12 Furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Division 13 Special Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Division 14 Conveying Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Division 15 Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Division 16 Electrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Appendix 3-A4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Appendix 3-A5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Appendix 3-B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
CSI Masterformat Divisions (2004 Edition) Procurement and
Contracting Documents Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Specifi cations Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
General Requirements Subgroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Facility Construction Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Facility Services Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Site and Infrastructure Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Process Equipment Subgroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Appendix 3-B2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Appendix 3-B3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Appendix 3-B4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Appendix 3-B5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Appendix 3-C Section Shell Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Part 1—General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.3 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.4 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.5 System Performance Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.6 Submittals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.7 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.8 Delivery, Storage, and Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.9 Project Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
111...111000 SSSeeeqqquuueeennnccciiinnnggg aaannnddd SSSccchhheeeddduuullliiinnnggg .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90
1.11 Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.12 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.13 Extra Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Part 2—Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.1 Manufacturers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.2 Materials [Product Name]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table of Contents iii
2.3 Materials, General [Products, General]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.4 Equipment [Name of Manufactured Unit]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.5 Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.6 Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.7 Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.8 Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.9 Source of Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
PART 3—Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.1 Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3 Installation, General [Application, General] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4 Installation {Of [Name]} {Application of [Name]}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.5 Connections (Not A CSI Article—but Useful for Division 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.6 Field Quality Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.7 Adjusting [Cleaning] [Adjusting and Cleaning]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.8 Commissioning (Not A CSI Article —
But Useful for Division 15 [Demonstration]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.9 Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.10 Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Chapter 4, Plumbing Cost Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Labor Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Take-off Estimating Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Productivity Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Other Estimating Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Other Cost Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Chapter 5, Job Preparation, Drawings, and Field Reports . . . . . . . . . .99
Job-preparation Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Plumbing Drawing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Plumbing-Drawings Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Risers and Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Schedules and Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Field Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Building Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Water and Gas Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Above Grade Rough-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chapter 6, Plumbing for People (Or Persons) with Disabilities . . . . .105
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
BBBaaaccckkkgggrroouunndd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Clear Floor Or Ground Space for Wheelchairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
iv ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Anthropometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Plumbing Elements and Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter 7, Energy and Resource Conservation in Plumbing Systems125
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Domestic Hot Water System Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Design Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Domestic Hot Water Heating Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Design Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Water-management Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapter 8, Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Fundamental Corrosion Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Basic Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Electrochemical Equivalents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Common Forms of Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
The Galvanic Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Electromotive Force Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Factors Affecting the Rate of Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Acidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Oxygen Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Film Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Homogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Corrosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Materials Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Design to Reduce Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Passivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Cathodic Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Inhibitors (Water Treatment). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 9, Seismic Protection of Plumbing Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . .155
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Causes and Effects of Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Plate Tectonics and Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Damage From Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Earthquake Measurement and Seismic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158