American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach PDF
Preview American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach
Eighth Edition American Social Welfare Policy A Pluralist Approach Howard Jacob Karger Hawai’i Pacific University, School of Social Work David Stoesz Flinders University/Carnegie Mellon University-Australia 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013 A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 1 17/11/2016 8:04 PM Director, Teacher Education & the Helping Professions: Cover Designer: Melissa Welch Kevin M. Davis Cover Photo: SFC/Shutterstock Portfolio Manager: Rebecca Fox-Gieg Full-Service Project Management: Juliana Joseph, Content Producer: Pamela D. Bennett Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Portfolio Management Assistant: Anne McAlpine Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Executive Field Marketing Manager: Krista Clark Printer/Binder: LSC/Willard Executive Product Marketing Manager: Cover Printer: LSC/Willard Christopher Berry Text Font: Sabon LT Pro 10/12 pt Procurement Specialist: Deidra Smith Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please visit http://www.pearsoned.com. Acknowledgments of third party content appear on the page within text, which constitute an extension of this copyright page. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Karger, Howard Jacob, author. | Stoesz, David, author. Title: American social welfare policy : a pluralist approach / Howard Jacob Karger, Hawai’i Pacific University, School of Social Work, David Stoesz. Description: Eighth Edition. | New York : Pearson, [2018] | Revised edition of American social welfare policy, [2014] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016040802 | ISBN 9780134303192 (alk. paper) | ISBN 0134303199 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Public welfare—United States. | United States—Social policy. | Welfare state—United States. Classification: LCC HV95 .K354 2018 | DDC 361.973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016040802 1 16 ISBN 10: 0-13-462812-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-462812-7 A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 2 1/6/17 2:04 PM Preface The years since the publication of the last full edi- most significant financial reform acts since the Great tion have been marked by dramatic events on the Depression; the Patient Protection and Affordable domestic and international fronts. Although the Care Act of 2010 (known as Obamacare); repeal U.S. economy bounced back from the global finan- of the military’s Don’t Ask Don’t Tell (DADT) rule; cial crisis (GFC) of 2007 to 2008, the post-r ecession the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and gains were largely realized by the top 1 percent of Disclosure Act; and the Children’s Health Insurance U.S. wage earners who accounted for 85 percent Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPS). of total income growth from 2009 to 2013. By The presidential election of 2012 proved to be 2013, the 1.6 million families in the top 1 percent one of the most acrimonious in recent memory. Ex- earned 25 times more than the 161 million families treme Republican Party ideologues drove the party in the bottom 99 percent. It is little wonder that this far to the right in areas such as contraception, abor- egregious income inequality led to large numbers of tion, health care, voter’s rights, and immigration. In angry people, which in turn, fueled the rise of presi- the end, President Obama’s moderate approach tri- dential candidate Donald Trump. umphed as he won 303 electoral votes compared to The international front was especially turbulent Mitt Romney’s 206 votes. The election illustrated as the Arab Spring toppled or destabilized govern- the sharp divisions in American society between the ments in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria. more liberal Northeast, West Coast, some West- By 2016, at the same time, the war in Iraq and ern and Midwestern states, and the more conser- Afghanistan continued to drag on. By mid-2016, an vative South and rural areas. These patterns reflect increasingly bloody civil war in Syria claimed more differing perceptions of where America should be than 400,000 lives and was largely responsible for heading. the 1 million immigrants that entered Europe in The acrimony of the 2012 presidential election 2015. was far eclipsed by the 2016 presidential election, as The instability in the Middle East led to the Republican candidates vied to outdo each other in creation of ISIL (Islamic State), a militant group di- appealing to the white and increasingly conservative rectly or indirectly responsible for numerous mas- base of the party. Extremist candidates like Ted Cruz sacres, including the 2015 attack on the Bataclan and Donald Trump handily defeated more moderate Theatre near Paris (130 dead and 368 injured); the candidates such as Jeb Bush and John K asich. 2015 Ankara, Turkey, bombing (102 dead and 400 On the Democratic side, Vermont Senator Bernie injured); the 2015 San Bernardino attack (14 dead Sanders introduced a European-style democratic and 24 injured); and the 2016 Orlando nightclub socialist vision to mainstream American politics. attack (49 dead and 53 injured). Western nations Defying all odds, Sanders won several primaries continue the struggle to find a balance between pro- against favored Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, tecting privacy, civil liberties, and public safety. including Oregon, North Dakota, Minnesota, Despite the domestic and international chal- New Hampshire, Michigan, Indiana, and Vermont. lenges, the way forward was stymied as the federal In the raw primary vote count, Sanders received government was virtually paralyzed by the Repub- 12 million votes compared to Clinton’s 15.8 million. lican Party’s control of the Senate and the House of In one of the most shocking upsets in recent po- Representatives. With the death of Antonin Scalia, litical history, Donald Trump beat Hillary Clinton even the Supreme Court was divided between lib- for the presidency, despite some polls showed her erals and conservatives. A divided government re- chances for victory at between 70 and 99 percent. sulted in a virtual standstill of policy options. Progressives of all ilk and Democrats were in shock, In the midst of this virtual paralysis, several disbelief, and fear. important policy developments emerged in the first Several changes will be required if human ser- term of the Obama administration. Some of these vice professionals are to reclaim a prominent role in achievements include the Dodd–Frank Wall Street social policy that they had at the turn of the century Reform and Consumer Protection Act, one of the through luminaries such as Jane Addams, Lillian iii A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 3 17/11/2016 8:04 PM iv Preface Wald, Grace and Edith Abbott, Mary Simkhovitch, American welfare state, the text includes infor- and others. Markets have been a primary means mation on the voluntary nonprofit sector, the for- of distributing goods and services to the non-poor, profit corporate sector, and the new strategy in and the application of market dynamics to low- social policy (i.e., tax policy and expenditures). income families should be evaluated on merit, not The penultimate chapter examines food policy, and discarded solely on ideological grounds. State and environmental and sustainability issues. The final local politics have been important arenas for intro- chapter examines the influence of global capital- ducing innovations in social welfare and for pro- ism, a development that not only weds the devel- viding social workers a first step on the ladder of oped nations to the undeveloped nations but also public service. Such opportunities should be cele- in the process shifts capital and jobs in unprece- brated, not dismissed. dented numbers. In recognition of our increasingly Public policy involves the kind of power that oc- interconnected global environment, this edition has curs in three basic forms: money, votes, and networks. put more emphasis on international social welfare Although these resources have been the staple of pol- policy. itics, the information age requires players to possess a higher level of sophistication. To be competitive, one Acknowledgments must have command of information systems, large data sets, and complex decision menus. The reviewers of this and previous editions have If social work can educate students about these provided an invaluable service in identifying de- methods and begin to insert itself into the policy ficiencies. Earlier editions were aided by Dr. environment, the profession will again become Stephen Thornton, Deanna Machin, Dr. Peter an influential force in social policy. On the other Kindle, and Crystal Joyce. In addition, the follow- hand, if the profession rests on its historic laurels, it ing reviewers contributed useful suggestions for will remain tangential in the policy arena. Such an this edition: Karen Tabb Dina, University of Illi- eventuality would essentially waste the substantial nois at Urbana-Champaign; Savvas Georgiades, assets that social work brings to social affairs: a dis- University of North Carolina at Pembroke; Justine tinguished legacy, the altruism of the young, and a McGovern, Lehman College CUNY; and Clarence unique moral imperative. Williams, Grambling State University. This edition This edition of American Social Welfare Policy owes a debt to Elisa Arrington. In anticipation of attempts to provide the information necessary for the next edition, comments by students and faculty understanding social welfare policy nationally and are welcome. The authors can be reached via email: internationally. In addition to discussing the basic Howard Karger at [email protected] and David concepts, policies, and programs that comprise Stoesz at [email protected]. A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 4 17/11/2016 8:04 PM about tHe autHorS American Social Welfare Policy, they have coauthored three other books: The Politics of Child Abuse in America (with Lela Costin) (Ox- ford University Press, 1996); Reconstructing the American Welfare State (Rowman and Little- field, 1992); and (with Terry Carrillo), A Dream Deferred (A ldine, 2010). Howard’s book, Short- changed: Life and Debt in the Fringe Economy (Berret-Koehler, 2005) examines the financial practices and products that exploit millions of American families. The book won the 2006 Inde- pendent Publishers Award in Finance/Investment/ Economics. David’s book, Quixote’s Ghost: The Howard Karger (right) is professor, Hawai’i Pacific Right, the Liberati, and the Future of Social Policy University, School of Social Work. David Stoesz (Oxford University Press, 2005), explains how con- (left) is professor, Flinders University/Carnegie servatives have assumed control of domestic policy Mellon University-Australia. Howard and David and proposes a new framework for s ocial policy. have been friends and colleagues for more than Quixote’s Ghost won the 2006 Pro-H umanitate three decades. In addition to eight editions of Literary Award. v A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 5 17/11/2016 8:04 PM This page intentionally left blank A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 6 17/11/2016 8:04 PM brief c ontent S PArt ONE American Social cHaPter 10 Welfare Policy Social Insurance Programs 205 cHaPter 1 cHaPter 11 Social Policy and the American Public Assistance Programs 227 Welfare State 1 cHaPter 12 cHaPter 2 The American Health Care System 247 A Brief History of the American Social Welfare State 25 cHaPter 13 Mental Health and Substance cHaPter 3 Abuse Policy 281 Social Welfare Policy Research 47 cHaPter 14 cHaPter 4 Criminal Justice 299 Discrimination in American Society 59 cHaPter 15 cHaPter 5 Child Welfare Policy 317 Poverty in America 101 cHaPter 16 PArt tWO the Voluntary and Housing Policies 333 For-Profit Social Sectors cHaPter 17 cHaPter 6 The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life 359 The Voluntary Sector Today 131 PArt FOUr the American Welfare cHaPter 7 State in Perspective Privatization and Human Service Corporations 145 cHaPter 18 The American Welfare State in PArt tHrEE the Government Sector International Perspective 389 cHaPter 8 The Making of Governmental Policy 167 cHaPter 9 Tax Policy and Income Distribution 187 vii A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 7 17/11/2016 8:04 PM This page intentionally left blank A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 8 17/11/2016 8:04 PM content S PArt ONE American Social conclusion 43 Welfare Policy Discussion Questions 44 • Notes 45 cHaPter 3 cHaPter 1 Social Welfare Policy Research 47 Social Policy and the American Welfare State 1 a Proposed Model for Policy analysis 50 Historical Background of the Policy 51 • Definitions of Social Welfare Policy 4 Problems That Necessitate the Policy 52 • Social Problems and Social Welfare Policy 4 Policy Description 52 • Policy Analysis 52 Social Work and Social Policy 5 researching and analyzing a Social Values, ideology, and Social Welfare Policy 5 Policy assignment 54 Social Policy research and the internet 55 the Political economy of american Social Welfare 6 conclusion 56 the u.S. economic continuum 7 Discussion Questions 56 • Notes 56 Keynesian Economics 7 • Conservative or Free Market Economics 8 • The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 11 • Democratic cHaPter 4 Socialism 11 Discrimination in American Society 59 the u.S. Political continuum 12 Liberalism and Left-of-Center Movements 13 • Discrimination 60 classical conservatives and the far right 15 racism 61 the Welfare Philosophers and the the Minority Middle class 61 neoconservative think tanks 17 african americans 63 conclusion 18 The Demography of African Americans 63 • Discussion Questions 22 • Notes 22 African Americans in Poverty 63 • The “Diswelfare” of african americans 63 cHaPter 2 Hispanic americans 66 A Brief History of the American Social Hispanic Poverty and Income 67 • Diversity in the Hispanic Population 67 Welfare State 25 american indians 67 early antecedents of Welfare Statism 26 asian americans 68 Judeo-christian Doctrine and Social Welfare 26 immigrants and immigration 69 the english Poor Laws 27 immigration-based Discrimination in europe 71 the Poor in colonial america 28 Women and Society 73 Social Welfare in the civil War era 29 Violence and Sexism 73 • The Feminization industrialization and the Voluntary Sector 29 of Poverty 73 • Myths around Women and Work 75 • Income and Job Disparities between Social Darwinism 31 • Religion Men and Women 76 • Day Care: A Barrier to and Social Welfare 31 • Charity Female Employment 76 • Other Obstacles Organization Societies 32 • Settlement Faced by Working Women 78 • Abortion and Houses 33 • African American Women’s Rights 79 • Gender Discrimination Associations 35 • The Social Casework and Violence in an international context 80 Agency 36 • The Progressive Movement 37 Gays and Lesbians: Two Populations at Risk 82 The Great Depression and the Modern Welfare State 37 Gay Rights 84 • Gays and Lesbians in the Military 84 • Gay and Lesbian the Post-World War ii Welfare State 39 Family Life 85 • AIDS and the Gay the Languishing Social Welfare State 41 community 86 ix A01_KARG8127_08_SE_FM.indd 9 17/11/2016 8:04 PM
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