American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias: The App Textbook of Geriatric Psychiatry Diagnostic Issues in Dementia

576 Pages·2009·9.18 MB·English

by  Myron F. Weiner

The American Psychiatric Publishing
Textbook of Alzheimer Disease
and Other Dementias
Editorial Board
David Ames, M.D., F.R.C.Psych., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P. Bruce L. Miller, M.D.
Director National Ageing Research Institute and Uni- Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Cali-
versity of Melbourne Professor of Ageing and Health, fornia at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria,
John C. Morris, M.D.
Australia
Friedman Distinguished Professor of Neurology, Profes-
Soo Borson, M.D. sor of Pathology and Immunology and of Physical Ther-
Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University apy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington Missouri
Jeffrey L. Cummings, M.D. Peter V. Rabins, M.D., M.P.H.
Professor of Neurology, Director, Alzheimer Disease Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci-
Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of ence, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
California at Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, Cali-
Lon S. Schneider, M.D
fornia
Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Gerontology,
Ian McKeith, M.D. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern Califor-
Professor of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute for Ageing and nia, Los Angeles, California
Health, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University,
Masatoshi Takeda, M.D., Ph.D.
Newcastle upon Tyne, England
Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry,
Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka,
Japan
The American Psychiatric Publishing
Textbook of Alzheimer Disease
and Other Dementias
Edited by
Myron F. Weiner, M.D.
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology,
Aradine S. Ard Chair in Brain Science,
Dorothy L. and John P. Harbin Chair in Alzheimer’s Disease Research,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
Anne M. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Neurology, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Texas
Washington, DC
London, England
Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book is accurate at the time of publication and
consistent with general psychiatric and medical standards, and that information concerning drug dosages, schedules,
and routes of administration is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with standards set by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration and the general medical community. As medical research and practice continue to advance, how-
ever, therapeutic standards may change. Moreover, specific situations may require a specific therapeutic response not
included in this book. For these reasons and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend
that readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family.
Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and opinions of the individual authors
and do not necessarily represent the policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association.
If you would like to buy between 25 and 99 copies of this or any other APPI title, you are eligible for a 20% discount;
please contact APPI Customer Service at [email protected] or 800-368-5777. If you wish to buy 100 or more copies of the
same title, please e-mail us at [email protected] for a price quote.
Copyright © 2009 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper
13 12 11 10 09 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
Typeset in ITC Legacy Sans and Warnock Pro.
American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
1000 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22209-3901
www.appi.org
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of Alzheimer disease and other dementias / edited by Myron F. Weiner,
Anne M. Lipton. — 1st ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58562-278-8 (alk. paper)
1. Alzheimer's disease. 2. Dementia. I. Weiner, Myron F., 1934– II. Lipton, Anne M., 1966– III. American Psychiatric
Publishing. IV. Title: Textbook of Alzheimer disease and other dementias.
[DNLM: 1. Alzheimer Disease. 2. Dementia. WT 155 A5126 2009]
RC523.A48 2009
616.8′31—dc22
2008040484
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
NSF-SFICOC-C0001801
Contents
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
P A R T I
Introduction to the Dementias
1
Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: Ancient Greek Medicine to
Modern Molecular Biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Myron F. Weiner, M.D.
2
Epidemiology and Impact of Dementia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
George M. Savva, Ph.D.
Carol Brayne, M.Sc., M.D.
P A R T I I
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Dementia
3
Neuropsychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Myron F. Weiner, M.D.
Robert Garrett, M.D.
Mary E. Bret, M.D.
4
Medical Evaluation and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Anne M. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.
Craig D. Rubin, M.D.
5
Neuropsychological Assessment in Dementia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
C. Munro Cullum, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Laura H. Lacritz, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
6
Neuroimaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Norman L. Foster, M.D.
7
Cognitive Disorders as Psychobiological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Myron F. Weiner, M.D.
P A R T I I I
Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
8
Alzheimer Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
David S. Geldmacher, M.D.
9
Mild Cognitive Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Yonas E. Geda, M.D, M.Sc.
Selamawit Negash, Ph.D.
Ronald C. Petersen, M.D., Ph.D.
10
Vascular Cognitive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Cassandra E.I. Szoeke, Ph.D., F.R.A.C.P., M.B.B.S., B.Sc. (Hons)
Stephen Campbell, F.R.A.C.P., M.Ch.B.S., B.Sc.
Edmond Chiu, A.M., M.B.B.S., D.P.M., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P.
David Ames, B.A., M.D., F.R.C.Psych., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P.
11
Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Other Synucleinopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Rawan Tarawneh, M.D.
James E. Galvin, M.D., M.P.H.
12
Frontotemporal Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
Anne M. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.
Adam Boxer, M.D., Ph.D.
13
Traumatic Brain Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Erin D. Bigler, Ph.D.
14
Other Causes of Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Edward Zamrini, M.D.
Mary Quiceno, M.D.
15
Psychiatric Disorders in People With Dementia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Martin Steinberg, M.D.
Constantine G. Lyketsos, M.D., M.H.S.
P A R T I V
Treatment of Dementia
16
Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Roy Yaari, M.D.
Pierre N. Tariot, M.D.
Danielle Richards
17
Behavioral and Environmental Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Michelle M. Hilgeman, M.A.
Louis D. Burgio, Ph.D.
Rebecca S. Allen, Ph.D.
18
Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer Disease
and Mild Cognitive Impairment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Martin R. Farlow, M.D.
Malaz Boustani, M.D., M.P.H.
19
Management of Advanced Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Ladislav Volicer, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.A.N., F.G.S.A.
Joyce Simard, M.S.W.
P A R T V
Caregiving, Legal, and Ethical Issues
20
Supporting Family Caregivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
Katy H. Lonergan, M.S.
Jason Holland, M.S.
Danielle China, M.S.
J. Wesson Ashford, M.D., Ph.D.
21
Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
Lawrence A. Frolik, J.D., L.L.M.
22
Ethical Issues and Patterns of Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Julian C. Hughes, M.A., M.B., Ch.B., M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.
P A R T V I
Dementias: The Future
23
Biomarkers for the Dementias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Katharina Bürger, M.D.
Harald-Jürgen Hampel, M.D., M.Sc.
24
The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Alzheimer Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
Roger N. Rosenberg, M.D.
25
The Future of Dementia Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
Mary Sano, Ph.D.
26
Prevention of Dementia and Cognitive Decline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
John C.S. Breitner, M.D., M.P.H.
Marilyn S. Albert, Ph.D.
A P P E N D I X E S
A
History Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
B
Level of Function Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
C
Mental Status Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
D
Neurological Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
E
Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study: Activities of Daily Living Inventory . . . . .489
F
Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Community Dwelling Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
G
Agitated Behavior in Dementia Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
H
Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
I
Quality of Life in Late-Stage Dementia (QUALID) Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
J
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525