American Herbal Pharmacopoeia : botanical pharmacognosy--microscopic characterization of botanical medicines

790 Pages·2011·133.89 MB·English

by  Roy Upton

American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
BOTANICAL PHARMACOGNOSY—
M I C R O S C O P I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N
O F B O T A N I C A L M E D I C I N E S
A m e ri c a n H e r b a l Ph a r m a c o p o e i a ®
BOTANICAL PHARMACOGNOSY—
M I C R O S C O P I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N
O F B O T A N I C A L M E D I C I N E S
Editors
Roy Upton, RH, DAyu
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Scotts Valley, CA
Alison Graff, PhD
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Scotts Valley, CA
Georgina Jolliffe, Pharm PhD, CChem, MRSC
Professor Emeritus, University of London, London, UK
Professor Dr. Reinhard Länger
AGES PharmMed, Vienna, Austria
Elizabeth Williamson, BSc, PhD, MRPharmS, FLS
University of Reading, Reading, UK

Microscopic Characterizations
Professor Dr. Reinhard Länger
AGES PharmMed, Vienna, Austria
Elizabeth Williamson, BSc, PhD, MRPharmS, FLS
University of Reading, Reading, UK
Research Associate
Diana Swisher, MA
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Scotts Valley, CA
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia : botanical pharmacognosy--microscopic characterization of botanical medicines / edited by: Roy
Upton … [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-7326-3 (hardcover, includes cd-rom : alk. paper)
1. Materia medica, Vegetable--United States. 2. Pharmacognosy--United States. 3. Botanical microscopy--United States. 4.
Pharmacopoeias--United States. 5. Medicinal plants--United States. I. Upton, Roy. II. Title: Botanical pharmacognosy-microscopic
characterization of botanical medicines.
RS171.A463 2011
615’.321--dc22 2010033730
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.
Henry Ford (1863–1947)
This text is dedicated to Paul Coates and Joseph Betz of the Office of Dietary Supplements
(ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH). They recognized the value of this work in
helping to promote botanical microscopy as a quality assurance tool, provided funding,
and expressed unrivaled patience in its completion. The text is also dedicated to
Professor Dr. Johannes Jurenitsch and Professor Dr. Wolfgang Kubelka of the Institute
for Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria, who generously provided the technical
resources and allowed Professor Dr. Reinhard Länger to develop all of the microscopic
characterizations included in this work. This text would not have been possible without their
vision, dedication to classical botanical pharmacognosy, and their generosity; and to
Professor Dr. Reinhard Länger, whose unrivaled skill and dedication to botanical microscopy
has and will help to keep this important discipline alive for future generations.
Figure 1 Professor Dr. Wolfgang Kubelka (left), Prof. Dr. reinhard Länger (center), roy upton (right).
university of Vienna Botanical excursion, Southern Tyrols, italy (2000).
I do not need to expound at length the pleasure and delight that the knowledge of plants brings, since there is no one who does
not know that there is nothing in life more pleasant and delightful than to wander through the woods, and over mountains and
meadows, garlanded and adorned these varied, exquisite blossoms and herbs, and to gaze at them with keen eyes. This pleasure
and delight is increased not a little if an understanding of their usefulness and powers is added. For there is as much pleasure
and enjoyment in learning as in looking.
Leonhart Fuchs, 1542, De Historia Stirpium commentary insignes
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Figure 2 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium); the signature plant of the University of Vienna. (From Woodville, W.
Medical Botany. 1810.)
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Georgina Jolliffe,
BPharm, PhD, CChem,
MRSC 1923–2010
To give pleasure to a single heart by a single act is better than a thousand heads bowing in
prayer.
— Mahatma Gandhi
Dr. Georgina Jolliffe with her husband Dr. Geoffrey Jolliffe on Geoffrey’s 80th birth-
day (2008).
Dr. Georgina Jolliffe, who served as a technical editor for this text, passed away before
she could enjoy the fruits of her labor. According to her husband Geoffrey, Georgina
worked on this text for the “sheer love of it.” Georgina was fondly remembered by
many students, friends, and family members as a kind and gentle soul whose aca-
demic excellence and achievements were equally matched by her personal kindness
and generosity.
Dr. Jolliffe worked with AHP for a period of almost four years reviewing every aspect
of the introductory chapters and providing detailed commentary on the more than 140
microscopic characterizations contained in the Atlas portion of the text. It is perhaps
fitting that her last work will have been in the development of the first English-language
botanical medicine text to unite classic illustrations of microscopic structures with mod-
ern microphotographs of the same structures and tissues. This work will help keep alive
vii
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viii American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy — Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines
one of her passions—botanical microscopy—at a time when worldwide it has been on
a steady decline, and is once more on the rise. Georgina’s academic excellence coupled
with her practical experience was a great contribution to the text, and we are grateful that
Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines is a part of her legacy as she is now
a part of the legacy of the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
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Contents
Foreword by Norman R. Farnsworth....................................... xv
Foreword by Wolfgang Kubelka ......................................... xvii
Preface ............................................................. xix
Acknowledgments .................................................... xxi
About the Editors, Authors, and Associates ................................ xxv
About the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia............................... xxix
AHP Botanical Microscopy Sponsors................................... xxxiii
About Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines ................. xxxv
Introduction ....................................................... xxxvii
Section 1 introduction to Botanical Microscopy
Chapter 1 Classical Botanical Pharmacognosy: From Dioscorides to Modern
Herbal Medicines............................................. 3
Chapter 2 What’s in a Name? Nomenclature of Botanical Materials............. 31
Chapter 3 To Be or Not To Be? A Focus on Botanical Adulteration ............. 43
Chapter 4 Microscopy for Identification of Botanical Raw Materials: Uses and
Limitations................................................. 57
Chapter 5 Setting Up a Microscopy Lab................................... 75
Chapter 6 Major Plant Groups .......................................... 93
ix
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x American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy — Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines
Chapter 7 Structures of the Primary Plant Body and Basic Plant Anatomy ...... 103
Chapter 8 Diagnostic Characteristics of Tissues ........................... 129
Chapter 9 Organization of Tissues in Medicinal Plant Parts .................. 157
Chapter 10 Preparation of Samples for Microscopic Analysis................. 179
Section 2 Botanical Microscopy Atlas
Achillea millefolium L. ................................................ 209
Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., Aconitum kusnezoffi Reicher.................... 213
Actaea racemosa L. syn. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. ..................... 217
Aesculus hippocastanum L.............................................. 221
Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz.......................................... 223
Aletris farinosa L. .................................................... 227
Allium sativum L...................................................... 230
Angelica archangelica L................................................ 234
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels........................................... 237
Arctium lappa L. ..................................................... 240
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng....................................... 243
Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chou & S. M. Hwang.................. 246
Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom......................................... 250
Arnica montana L..................................................... 254
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge syn. A. membranaceus Bunge, A. membranaceus
Bunge var. mongholicus (Bunge) P. K. Hsiao ............................... 259
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz........................................ 264
Atropa belladonna L................................................... 268
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell syn. Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettstein ............ 273
Bupleurum spp. ...................................................... 275
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. ................................... 279
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Contents xi
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb............................................... 282
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) Rich. and Cephaelis acuminata Karsten.......... 286
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray....................................... 290
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. .......................................... 294
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. P. C. Barton ................................ 299
Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch (syn. C. pubescens Vahl)................ 302
Clematis armandii Franch. ............................................. 305
Clematis chinensis Retz. ............................................... 310
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. .............. 315
Cola nitida (Vent.) A. Chev. ............................................ 318
Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao,
Coptis teeta Wall................................................... 321
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC Hawthorn Fruit.............................. 324
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC Hawthorn Leaf and Flower. ................... 328
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn Fruit ................................ 333
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn Leaf and Flower ....................... 335
Curcuma longa L. .................................................... 339
Datura stramonium L.................................................. 343
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. ................................................. 346
Digitalis purpurea L................................................... 348
Echinacea angustifolia DC.............................................. 353
Echinacea atrorubens Nutt.............................................. 357
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt........................................... 360
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Aerial Parts.............................. 363
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Root and Rhizome ........................ 367
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Seed.................................... 371
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim........................ 374
Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra equisetina Bunge, E. intermedia................ 379
Epimedium spp. ...................................................... 382
Equisetum arvense L. ................................................. 385
Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt syn. E. purpureum L.......................... 388
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