American Foreign Policy Since World War II

451 Pages·2009·25.331 MB·English

by  Steven W. Hook, John W. Spanier

1
American Foreign Policy
Since World War II
EIGHTEENTH EDITION
STEVEN W. HOOK
Kent State University
JOHN SPANIER
University of Florida 1-,'J-1-1-
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A DIVISION OF SAGE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ODTO KUTUPHANESI
METU LIBRARY

Contents
Maps, Tables, Figures, and Boxes xiii
Preface xv
0HAPT£.:R 1
~pproach to Foreign Policy 1
Learning from Experience 4
The Roots of American Primacy 5
Shifts in the Balance of Power 5
Redefining American Security 8
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The American Sense of Destiny 9
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The Depreciation of Power Politics 11
Foreign Policy as Moral Mission 13 11
Self-Doubts, Revisionism, and Social Construction 17 __
PA RT I: The Cold War
CHAPTER 2
From World War to Cold War 21
American-Wartime illusions 22
The Russo-Soviet Approach to Foreign Policy 25
The Russian Background 25
The Soviet Ingredient 27
Soviet Expansion after World War II 29
U.S.-Soviet Differences 29
The Soviet Push to the South 32
The Strategy of Containment 33 /
George Kennan and the New Grand Strategy 35
Alternatives to Containment 38
The Geopolitics of Containing Moscow 40
Declaring Cold War: The Truman Doctrine 42
vii
Contents CHAPTER 3
Containment: From Theory to Practice 45
New Economic and Military Structures 47
The Bretton Woods System 48
The National Security Act 50
Reviving the Western European Allies 51
The Marshall Plan 53
Roots of the European Union 54
European Security and the NATO Alliance 56
Recurring Conflicts over Berlin 58
Confronting Revolution in East Asia 59
The Chinese Revolution 60
Hot War in Korea 63
Domestic Pressures for a Global Crusade 67
Nuclear Strategy and the 'Balance of Terror' 69 /
CHAPTER 4
North-South Tensions and the Vietnam War 73
Developing Countries in the Crossfire 74
Regional Conflicts in Africa and the Middle East 79
National Breakdown in the Congo 81
Regional Rivalries: The Arab-Israeli Wars 83
U.S. Policy toward Latin America 84
Guatemala's Military Coup 85
The Cuban Missile Crisis 88 /
Vietnam: The Limits of Containment 91
Eisenhower's 'Domino Theory' 92
The Misconduct of Guerrilla Warfare 95
The Military Battlefield in Vietnam 96
The Political Battlefield at Home 98
American Defeat and Withdrawal 101
CHAPTER 5
Detente and World-Order Politics 105/
Managing the Superpower Rivalry 108
The Kissinger Philosophy 108
Exploiting the Sino-Soviet Split 109
Arms Control and the Linkage Strategy 111
Disillusionment with' Detente 114
Carter's Quest for World Order 116 /
A New Emphasis on Human Rights 117
Recognizing Global Interdependence 118
viii
Carter's Middle East Breakthrough 120 Contents
Blowback and the Soviet Power Play 124
Nicaragua's Sandinista Revolution 125
America 'Held Hostage' in Iran 127
The Soviet Takeover in Afghanistan 128
CHAPTER 6
The Revival of Superpower Confrontation 131
Reagan's Rhetorical Offensive 133
Expanding U.S. Military Forces 135
Opposition to Arms Control 136
The Strategic Defense Initiative 138
'Rollback' in Developing Countries 139
Evaluating the Reagan Doctrine 144
Abuses of the Reagan Doctrine: The Iran-Contra Scandal 146
Alliance Politics in the Late Cold War 149
Poland and the Rise of Solidarity 149
The Missile Debate in Europe 151
From Confrontation to Conciliation 153 /
CHAPTER 7
The End of the Cold War 157 /
Bush's Management of the Soviet Collapse 158
Dismantling Stalin's Empire 160
Detaching Brezhnev's Outposts 166
Reducing Arms and Stabilizing the Nuclear Balance 167
Endgame: The Collapse of the Core 169
Reasons for the Soviet Collapse 174
The Contending Arguments in Perspective 17 4
Excesses of the Containment Policy 180
A Final Appraisal 181
P A R T I I : The New World 'Disorder'
CHAPTER 8
America's 'Unipolar Moment' 183
Great Expectations after the Cold War 186
Revived Debates about America's World Role 188
Clinton's Embrace of'Geoeconomics' 193
The Course of America's Economic Troubles 194
Responses by the Clinton Administration 196
East Asia's Economic 'Miracle' 199
ix
Contents Promoting Democracy and Sustainable Development 201
A Grand Strategy of Democratic 'Enlargement' 202
Support for Sustainable Development 205
Domestic Challenges to Clinton's Foreign Policy 206_,/
CHAPTER 9
1
Old Tensions in a New Order 209 ½1;>
Sources of Global Fragmentation 210
War and Peace in the Middle East 212
Iraq's Challenge in the Persian Gulf 213
Obstacles to an Arab-Israeli Peace 218
The Plight of'Failed States' 221
Somalia and Central Africa 223
Haiti 226
Nuclear Brinkmanship in South Asia 228
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Lessons from the Regional Crises 231
CHAPTER 10
The Shifting European Landscape 234/Q
Western Europe: From Community to Union 236
Jump-Starting Democracy in Eastern Europe 240
NATO's Search for a New Mission 242
'Ethnic Cleansing' in the Balkans 245
The Dayton Accords 249
The Kosovo Showdown 251
U.S.-Russian Relations under Stress 254
Internal Challenges to Reform 255
Unrest in the 'Near Abroad' 257
CHAPTER 11
America under Fire 260 /
Strains in the Unipolar Order 263
The Globalization Backlash 263
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Retreat from Multilateralism 265 /
The Growing Threat of'Sacred Terror' /2'i;§
Early Warnings and Responses 270
The al Qaeda Connection 273
Terror in the Morning Sky 275
Elements of Counterterrorism 278
Intelligence 280
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Diplomacy 282 Contents
Homeland Security 282
A Grand Strategy of Primacy and Preemption 28~
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CHAPTER 12
Hot Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq 289
The Afghanistan Campaign 290
Benign Neglect after the Cold War 291
Phase 1: Dislodging the Taliban 293
Phase 2: Nation Building in Rugged Terrain 295
The Pakistani Tinderbox 297
Renewed Hostilities against Iraq 299
Making the Case for War 303
Operation Iraqi Freedom 307
A Race against Time 311
A 'NewWayFonvard' 314
Flashbacks to Vietnam 316 /
CHAPTER 13
A World of Trouble 320 ~
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New Threats of Nuclear Prolifi:~ion 323
Breakout in North Korea 323
Iran's Quest for 'Nuclear Rights' 325
Renewed Bloodshed in Israel 328
A Russian Power Play 331
Economic Strains and a Global Crisis 334 //
East Asia's Reversal of Fortune 335
Rising Discontent in Latin America 338
The Financial Collapse of 2008 341 I)
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CHAPTER 14
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Conclusion: America's Reckoning 346
The Balance of Power in Flux 348
Internal Threats to Democracy 352
Return of the 'Imperial' Presidency? 352
New Restrictions on Personal Freedom 354
Redefining Torture of War Prisoners 356
A New President and Vision 358
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Obama's Unlikely Rise to Power 359
Changing Course in Foreign Policy 360
Prospects for Renewal 363
xi
Contents Appendix A: U.S. Administrations since World War II 365
Appendix B: Chronology of Significant Events 366
Appendix C: Select Bibliography 384
Appendix D: Select Web Sites 402
Appendix E: Select Blogs on American Foreign Policy 404
Index 405
Photo Credits 429
About the Authors 431
xii
Maps, Tables, Figures, and Boxes
MAP s
2-1 Soviet Expansion in Europe, 1939-1948 30
3-1 The Korean War, 1950-1953 65
3-2 U.S. Cold War Alliances 71
4-1 Africa in 1945 80
4-2 Africa Today 81
4-3 Latin America 86
4-4 The Vietnam War 99
7-1 Post-Soviet Eurasia after 1991 175
9-1 The Persian Gulf, with Key Oil Fields and Pipelines 214
9-2 South Asia 229
10-1 The European Union 237
10-2 The Former Yugoslavia 247
12-1 The War in Afghanistan, Autumn 2001 295
12-2 Ethnic and Religious Groups in Iraq 310
13-1 Israel and Disputed Territories 330
TABLES
1-1 American Foreign Policy Priorities: American
Public Opinion, 2004 15
10-1 United States and European Union: A Comparison
of Basic Indicators, 2000 238
11-1 Major Transnational Terrorist Attacks against
U.S. Targets, 1983-2001 272
14-1 Losing Friends: Public Opinion of the United States
among NATO Allies, 1999-2007 348
FIGURES
2-1 American Demobilization after World War II 34
3-1 Distribution of World Economy, 1950 48
4-1 Vietnam War Trends, 1965-1971 100
5-1 U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Balance, 1967-1973 112
6-1 U.S. Military Spending, 1976-1988 136
8-1 Democratization around the World, 1979-1999 203
xiii
Maps, F I Gu RE s (cont.)
Tables, 12-1 U.S. War Casualties in Iraq, March 2003-February 2009 313
Figures,
13-1 Falling Fortunes: Index of Four Global Stock Markets,
and Boxes
September 30-October 27, 2008 343
IMPACT AND INFLUENCE BOXES
Woodrow WIison 7
George Kennan 37
Mao Zedong 61
Fidel Castro 89
Robert McNamara 97
Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin 123
Oliver North 148
Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin 171
Jesse Helms 207
Yasir Arafat 220
Madeleine Albright 249
Osama bin Laden 277
Saddam Hussein 301
Vladimir Putin and Hu Jintao 333
Hillary Clinton 349
xiv