American Foreign Policy and Process PDF
Preview American Foreign Policy and Process
American Foreign Policy and Process Fifth Edition JAMES M. MCCORMICK Iowa State University S Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States American Foreign Policy and Process, © 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Fifth Edition James M. McCormick ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form Executive Editor: Carolyn Merrill or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but Development Editor: David Estrin not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Assistant Editor: Katherine Hayes Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the Editorial Assistant: Nathan Gamache 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission Media Editor: Caitlin Holroyd of the publisher. 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S Printed in Canada N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 L ii ✵ To Carol S N L iii This page intentionally left blank ✵ Contents PREFACE xv III VALUES AND POLICIES IN AMERICAN FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1 1 AMERICA’S TRADITIONS IN FOREIGN POLICY 5 Values, Beliefs, and Foreign Policy 6 The United States: A New Democratic State 9 The Role of Isolationism in American Foreign Policy 12 The Role of Moral Principle in American Foreign Policy 21 Concluding Comments 28 Notes 29 2 AMERICA’S GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE COLD WAR 35 The Postwar World and American Involvement 36 S America’s Globalism: The Truman Doctrine and Beyond 45 N L v v vi CONTENTS Elements of Containment: Regional Security Pacts 47 Elements of Containment: Economic and Military Assistance 51 Elements of Containment: The Domestic Cold War 54 Korea: The First Major Test of Containment 57 Concluding Comments 62 Notes 63 3 THE COLD WAR CONSENSUS 69 Key Components of the Cold War Consensus 70 The Public and the Cold War Consensus 75 Patterns of Interaction during the Cold War, 1946–1972 77 Challenges to the Cold War Consensus 80 Vietnam 90 Concluding Comments 96 Notes 97 4 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER VIETNAM: FROM REALISM TO IDEALISM AND BACK AGAIN 101 Realism and Idealism as Foreign Policy Concepts 102 Realism and the Nixon Administration 103 The Nixon–Kissinger Worldview in Operation 107 Idealism and the Carter Administration 112 The Carter Worldview in Operation 115 Realism in the Last Year: A Response to Critics 124 Realism and the Reagan Administration 127 The Reagan Worldview in Operation 130 Challenges to the Reagan Foreign Policy Approach 135 Policy Change: Accommodation with the Soviet Union 136 Policy Continuity: The Reagan Doctrine and the Third World 139 Policy Changes toward the Third World: The Philippines, The PLO, and South Africa 142 Concluding Comments 143 S Notes 144 N L vi CONTENTS vii 5 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR: THE BUSH AND CLINTON ADMINISTRATIONS 153 The Values and Beliefs of the Bush Administration 155 Bush’s Foreign Policy Approach 157 Political Change and Eastern Europe 160 After the Cold War: Bush’s Policy toward Central Europe 163 After the Cold War: Bush’s Policy toward the Soviet Union 164 The Search for a New World Order? 167 Challenges and Responses to the New World Order 175 The Values and Beliefs of the Clinton Administration 176 The Clinton Administration’s Evolving Approach to Foreign Policy 179 The Lingering Legacies of Clinton’s Foreign Policy 188 Concluding Comments 192 Notes 194 6 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AFTER SEPTEMBER 11: THE GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION 201 Foreign Policy Legacies after the Cold War 202 The Values and Beliefs of the Bush Administration: Prior to September 11 203 Bush’s Foreign Policy Team 204 The Initial Foreign Policy Approach: Classical Realism 206 The Impact of September 11 207 The Values and Beliefs of the Bush Administration: After September 11 212 Formalizing the Bush Doctrine: The National Security Strategy Statement 216 Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine: Iraq and Other Rogue States 219 Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine: Russia and China 224 Policy Implications of the Bush Doctrine: America’s Allies 226 After Reelection: A New Foreign Policy Approach? 228 The Iraq War and Opposition to the Bush Foreign Policy 231 S N L vii viii CONTENTS Concluding Comments 237 Notes 240 II THE PROCESS OF POLICY MAKING 247 7 THE PRESIDENT AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY 251 Constitutional Powers in Foreign Policy 253 A Cyclical Interpretation of Foreign Policy Dominance 256 Executive Dominance after World War II: The Imperial Presidency 258 Concluding Comments 296 Notes 297 8 CONGRESSIONAL PREROGATIVES AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY 307 Commitment Making 308 War Powers 312 Controlling the Purse Strings 326 Congressional Oversight 332 Mechanisms of Congressional Infl uence 341 Congressional Change and Future Foreign Policy Making 344 Concluding Comments 349 Notes 350 9 THE DIPLOMATIC AND ECONOMIC BUREAUCRACIES: DUPLICATION OR SPECIALIZATION? 359 Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy Making 360 The Department of State 362 The National Security Council 377 Why Two Departments of State? 384 Bureaucracies and Foreign Economic Policy Making 386 Concluding Comments 400 Notes 401 S N L viii CONTENTS ix 10 THE MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCE BUREAUCRACIES: PERVASIVE OR ACCOUNTABLE? 411 The Department of Defense 412 The Intelligence Agencies 425 CIA “Special Activities” and Policy Infl uence 441 Accountability and Covert Actions 443 Changes in Accountability from the Iran-Contra Affair to Today 449 Department of Homeland Security 453 Policy Coordination among Competing Bureaucracies 457 Concluding Comments 463 Notes 464 11 POLITICAL PARTIES, BIPARTISANSHIP, AND INTEREST GROUPS 473 Political Parties and the Bipartisan Tradition 474 The Limits of Bipartisanship through the Vietnam Era 477 Bipartisanship and Congressional Foreign Policy Voting 480 Partisan Divisions: From the Cold War to the Iraq War 483 Partisan Politics and the Future 488 Interest Groups and the Foreign Policy Process 490 The Impact of Interest Groups 502 Concluding Comments 522 Notes 523 12 THE MEDIA, PUBLIC OPINION, AND THE FOREIGN POLICY PROCESS 535 The Pervasiveness of the Media 536 The Role of the Media in the Foreign Policy Process 539 The Media’s Impact on the Public 551 Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Alternate Views 552 Foreign Policy Opinion: Uninformed and Moodish 552 Foreign Policy Opinion: Structured and Stable 563 An Alternative View of the Public Mood 568 The Impact of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy 577 S N L ix
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