American Film History The Editors CynthiaLuciaisProfessorofEnglishandDirectorofFilmandMediaStudiesatRiderUniversity.Sheisauthor ofFramingFemaleLawyers:WomenonTrialinFilm(2005)andwritesforCineastefilmmagazine,whereshehas servedontheeditorialboardformorethantwodecades.Hermostrecentresearchincludesessaysthatappearin ACompaniontoWoodyAllen(Wiley-Blackwell,2013),ModernBritishDramaonScreen(2014),andLaw,Culture andVisualStudies(2014). RoyGrundmannisAssociateProfessorofFilmStudiesatBostonUniversity.HeistheauthorofAndyWarhol’s BlowJob(2003)andtheeditorofACompaniontoMichaelHaneke(Wiley-Blackwell,2010).HeisContributing Editor of Cineaste and has published essays in a range of prestigious anthologies and journals, including GLQ, Cineaste,Continuum,TheVelvetLightTrap,andMillenniumFilmJournal.HehascuratedretrospectivesonMichael Haneke,AndyWarhol,andMatthiasMu¨ller. Art Simon is Professor of Film Studies at Montclair State University. He is the author of Dangerous Knowl- edge: The JFK Assassination in Art and Film (2nd edition, 2013). He has curated two film exhibitions for the Solomon Guggenheim Museum in New York City and his work has been published in the edited collection “Un-American”Hollywood:PoliticsandFilmintheBlacklistEra(2007)andinthejournalAmericanJewishHistory. Togethertheyaretheeditorsofthefour-volumecollectionTheWiley-BlackwellHistoryofAmericanFilm(2012) andAmericanFilmHistory:SelectedReadings,1960tothePresent(2016),bothpublishedbyWiley-Blackwell. American Film History Selected Readings, Origins to 1960 Edited by Cynthia Lucia, Roy Grundmann, and Art Simon Thiseditionfirstpublished2016 ©2016JohnWiley&Sons,Inc,exceptforChapter16©1999UniversityofTexasPress;Chapter18©1989James Naremore;andChapter26©1981CambridgeUniversityPress RegisteredOffice: JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffices: 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermission toreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightofCynthiaLucia,RoyGrundmann,andArtSimontobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterialin thisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. 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PN1993.5.U6A86562015 791.430973–dc23 2015015486 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Coverimage:Top:ClarkGableandJeanHarlow,RedDust,1932.Photo:PictorialPressLtd/Alamy. Bottom:Intolerance,1916.Photo:WarkProductionCompany/Album/akg-images. Setin10/12ptBemboStdbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2016 Contents Volume I: Origins to 1960 Acknowledgments xii Preface xiii Part I Origins to 1928 1 SettingtheStage:AmericanFilmHistory,Originsto1928 3 References 16 2 D.W.GriffithandtheDevelopmentofAmericanNarrativeCinema 18 CharlieKeil Notes 34 References 34 3 WomenandtheSilentScreen 36 ShelleyStamp References 51 4 African-AmericansandSilentFilms 54 PaulaJ.Massood Notes 68 References 68 5 ChaplinandSilentFilmComedy 70 CharlesJ.Maland References 84 6 ErichvonStroheimandCecilB.DeMille:EarlyHollywoodandtheDiscourse ofDirectorial“Genius” 85 GaylynStudlar Notes 97 References 97 7 TheStarSystem 99 MarkLynnAnderson Notes 112 References 113 8 SynchronizedSoundComestotheCinema 115 PaulYoung Notes 128 References 129 vi CONTENTS Part II 1929–1945 9 SettingtheStage:AmericanFilmHistory,1929–1945 133 Note 151 References 151 10 EraoftheMoguls:TheStudioSystem 153 MatthewH.Bernstein References 173 11 “AsClosetoRealLifeasHollywoodEverGets”:HeadlinePictures,TopicalMovies,Editorial Cinema,andStudioRealisminthe1930s 175 RichardMaltby Notes 194 References 198 12 EarlyAmericanAvant-GardeCinema 200 Jan-ChristopherHorak Notes 214 References 214 13 “Let’EmHaveIt”:TheIronicFateofthe1930sHollywoodGangster 215 RuthVasey Notes 230 References 230 14 LandscapesofFantasy,GardensofDeceit:TheAdventureFilmbetweenColonialism andTourism 231 HansJu¨rgenWulff Notes 245 References 246 15 CinemaandtheModernWoman 248 VeronicaPravadelli Notes 262 References 262 16 Queeringthe(New)Deal 264 DavidM.Lugowski Notes 280 References 280 17 There’sNoPlaceLikeHome:TheHollywoodFolkMusical 282 Desire´eJ.Garcia Notes 295 References 296 18 TheMagician:OrsonWellesandFilmStyle 297 JamesNaremore Notes 309 References 310 CONTENTS vii 19 ClassicalCelAnimation,WorldWarII,andBambi 311 KirstenMoanaThompson Notes 324 References 325 20 MappingWhyWeFight:FrankCapraandtheUSArmyOrientationFilminWorldWarII 326 CharlesWolfe Notes 339 References 339 21 AVictory“UneasywithItsContrasts”:TheHollywoodLeftFightsWorldWarII 341 SaverioGiovacchini Notes 356 References 359 22 HollywoodasHistorian,1929–1945 361 J.E.Smyth Notes 377 References 377 Part III 1945–1960 23 SettingtheStage:AmericanFilmHistory,1945–1960 383 References 397 24 TakingStockatWar’sEnd:Gender,Genre,andHollywoodLaborinTheStrangeLove ofMarthaIvers 398 RoyGrundmann Notes 419 References 421 25 NatalieWood:StudioStardomandHollywoodinTransition 423 CynthiaLucia Notes 444 References 446 26 ThePoliticsofForceofEvil:AnAnalysisofAbrahamPolonsky’sPreblacklistFilm 448 ChristineNollBrinckmann Notes 467 References 469 27 TheActorsStudiointheEarlyColdWar 471 CynthiaBaron&BeckettWarren Notes 485 References 485 28 AuthorshipandBillyWilder 486 RobertSklar Notes 501 References 501 viii CONTENTS 29 ColdWarThrillers 503 R.BartonPalmer References 519 30 AmericanUndergroundFilm 520 JaredRapfogel Note 535 References 535 Index 537 Also in the same series Volume II: 1960 to the Present Acknowledgments xii Preface xiii Part I 1960–1975 1 SettingtheStage:AmericanFilmHistory,1960–1975 3 Notes 21 References 22 2 AdultsOnly:Low-BudgetExploitation 23 EricSchaefer Note 35 References 35 3 BlackRepresentationinIndependentCinema:FromCivilRightstoBlackPower 37 AlexLykidis Notes 52 References 54 4 CinemaDirectandIndirect:AmericanDocumentary,1960–1975 56 CharlesWarren Notes 70 References 70 5 ComedyandtheDismantlingoftheHollywoodWestern 72 TeresaPodlesney Note 86 References 86 6 TheNewHollywood 87 DerekNystrom Notes 103 References 103