American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century PDF
Preview American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century
AM E R ICAN C RUC I B L E GARY GERSTLE RACE AND NATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS • PRINCETON AND OXFORD COPYRIGHT2001BYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS NEWCHAPTER 10COPYRIGHT2017BYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS PUBLISHEDBYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS,41WILLIAMSTREET, PRINCETON,NEWJERSEY08540 INTHEUNITEDKINGDOM:PRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS,6OXFORDPLACE, WOODSTOCK,OXFORDSHIREOX201TR ALLRIGHTSRESERVED SECONDPRINTING,ANDFIRSTPAPERBACKPRINTING,2002 NEWPAPERBACKPRINTING,2017 PAPERBACKISBN:978-0-691-17327-6 THELIBRARYOFCONGRESS CONTROL NUMBER: 2016960375 BRITISHLIBRARYCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATAISAVAILABLE THISBOOKHASBEENCOMPOSEDINSABON TEXTDESIGNEDBYCARMINAALVAREZ PRINTEDONACID-FREEPAPER.∞ PRESS.PRINCETON.EDU PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 F O R D A N N Y A N D S A M C o n t e n t s List of Figures xi Prefa ce a nd Acknowledgments xiii Acknowledgments xvii INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER 1 Theodore Roosevelt’s Racialized Nation, 1890–1900 14 AHistoryoftheAmerican“Race” 17 War,Renewal,andtheProblemofthe“SmokedYankee” 25 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 Civic Nationalism and Its Contradictions, 1890–1917 44 “TrueAmericanism” 47 RacialDilemmas 59 TheNewNationalism 65 CHAPTER 3 Hardening the Boundaries of the Nation, 1917–1929 81 WarandDiscipline 83 “KeepingPuretheBloodofAmerica” 95 CivicNationalismintheNewRacialRegime 115 AbortingtheNewNationalism 122 CHAPTER 4 The Rooseveltian Nation Ascendant, 1930–1940 128 AKinderandGentlerNationBuilder 131 RadicalizingtheCivicNationalistCreed 139 ConservativeCounterattack 156 TheSurvivalofRacializedNationalism 162 CHAPTER 5 Good War, Race War, 1941–1945 187 TheGoodWar 189 RaceWar 201 “SomethingDrasticShouldBeDone”:TheMilitary’s HiddenRaceWar 210 CombatandWhiteMaleComradeship 220 CHAPTER 6 The Cold War, Anticommunism, and a Nation in Flux, 1946–1960 238 War,Repression,andNationBuilding 241 TheRedScareandtheDeclineofRacialNationalism 246 RacialNationalismRedux:TheCaseofImmigrationReform 256 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 7 Civil Rights, White Resistance, and Black Nationalism, 1960–1968 268 CivilRightsandCivicNationalism 270 “IQuestionAmerica”:TheCrisisinAtlanticCity 286 “SpeakingasaVictimofThisAmericanSystem” 295 CHAPTER 8 Vietnam, Cultural Revolt, and the Collapse of the Rooseveltian Nation, 1968–1975 311 ACatastrophicWar 313 TheSpreadofAnti-AmericanismandtheRevoltagainst Assimilation 327 TheCollapseoftheRooseveltianNation 342 CHAPTER 9 Beyond the Rooseveltian Nation, 1975–2000 347 VarietiesofMulticulturalism 349 “ASpringtimeofHope”:RonaldReaganandthe NationalistRenaissance 357 RevivingtheLiberalNation 365 CHAPTER 10 The Age of Obama, 2000–2016 375 Clinton,Bush,and CivicNationalistRenewal 377 “TheAmericanDreamComeTrueTonight” 385 RacialNationalismResurgent 393 BlackLivesMatter, DonaldTrump, andthe Frayingof Obama,s Dream 409 Notes 427 Index 505
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