American Coastal Defenses 1885–1950

67 Pages·15.632 MB·English

by  Terrance McGovern, B. Smith, Peter Bull(Illustrator), Chris Taylor(Illustrator)

American Coastal
Defenses 1885 -1950
Illustrateo
TERRANCEMcGOVERN
haswrittenseveralbooks
onfortification~andauthored
articlesininternational
fortificationjournals.He
hasreceived degreesfrom
GeorgetownUniversityand
TulaneUniversity.Terrance
nvesinMcLean,Virginia.
BOLLING SMITHisaformer
captainintheUSArmyReserve.
Aformerchairman oftheCease
DefenseStudyGroup,hehas
editedtheCoastDefenseJournal
for overadecade.Helivesin
Maryland,USA.
PETERBULLgraduatedfromart
collegein1979and hasworked
asafreelanceillustratorforover
25years.Hehascreatedboth
traditionaland digitalartfor
publishersworldwide,andalso
runsthePeterBullArtStudio,
basedinKent, UK,which
hefoundedin 1975.Peter
Chesterton haswori<edclosely
withPeterBullonthesubject
matterofrhisbook.
Fortress • 44
American Coastal
Defenses 1885 -1950
,
~~
---~::..
-
--- -
- '
T McGovern & B Smith · Illustrated by Peter Bull
Series editorsMarcusCowper andNikolai Bogdanovic
Firstpublishedin2006byOsp"')'Publishing Thepurpose ofthisbook istoencouragereadersto visit these
MidlandHouse.WestWay.Bodey.OxfordOX2OPH.UK sitesto discover forthemselves thetangibleremainsofAmerica's
+4]PukA-.enueSouth.NewYori<oNY 10016,USA coastalfortifications.Wehope itwillmakeclearerto them what
E-nuil:info@ospl'"eypublishing.com theysee.while explainingwhatisno longerthere to beseen.
o
2006~preyPublishinglimited
TerranceMcGovern BollingSmith
1700 Oaklane [email protected]
AJIrightsreser'o'ed.Ap;lrtfromanybirclellingforthepurposeofprintestudy.
research.critid$fllorreview.aspl!rmittedundertheCopyright.DesignsandPatenu McLeanVA 22101USA
Act.1988.nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced.storedinaremeva.lsystem. [email protected]
ortnlllsmittedinanyformorbyanymeans.electronic.elearical.chemical.mechanical. [email protected]
optical.photocopying.recordingorotherwise.withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionof
thecopyrightowner.Enqu;riesshoulclbeaddressedtottlePublishers. Artist's note
ISBN 10:I84176922]
ISBN13:978 1841769226 Readersmaycare to note thatthe originalpaintingsfrom which
the colorplates inthisbookwere preparedare availablefor
Cartography:MapStudio.Romsey.UK privatesale.AII reproductioncopyrightwhatsoeverisretainedby
Design:KenVailGraphicDesign.Cambridge.UK the Publishers.Allenquiriesshouldbe addressed to:
TypesetinMonocypeGillSansandITCStOlleSerif
IndexbyAJisonWorthington
Peter BullArtStudio
OriginatedbyUnitedGraphic.Singapore
8Hurstwood Road
Printed andboundinChinathroughBooI<builders
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MEl3JZ
ACIPau-logrecordforthisbookis;availablefrom theBritishUbnry. UnitedKingdom
FOIlACATAlOGOF"l.t.BOOKSP\J8lISHEOer0sPluYMIUYMYANDA"'iAllON The Publishersregretthattheycan enter into nocorrespondence
PlEASECONTACT: upon thismatter:
~preyDirect,doRandomHouseDiStributionCenter.400HahnRoad.Westm,nster,
The Fortress Study Group (FSG)
MD211S7
Email:Inlo@ospreydirecLcom
Theobjectofthe FSGisto advance theeducationofthepublicin
OspreyDirectUK.~O.Box140,Wellingborough,Northan".NN8 IFA,UK thestudyofallaspects offortificationsandtheirarmaments,
E-mail:[email protected],uk especiallyworksconstructed tomountor resist artillery.The FSG
holdsan annualconference inSeptemberover alongweekend
www.ospreypublishlng.com
with visits andeveninglectures.anannualtourabroadlasting
abouteightdays,andan annualMembers' Day.
The FSGjournalFORTispublishedannually,anditsnewsletter
Casemateispublishedthree timesayear:Membershipis
Dedication intemational.Forfurther details.please contact:
The Secretary.do 6lanarkPlace,LondonW9 IBS,UK
Thisbookisrespectfullydedicatedtoourfathers,Emerson Smith
andTerry McGovem,who tooktheirsonsto theirfirstfortsand The Coast Defense Study Group (CDSG)
encouraged theirinterest infortifications.
TheCoast DefenseStudyGroup(CDSG)isanon-profit
Acknowledgments corporation formedto promotethestudyofcoastdefensesand
fortifications,primarilybutnotexclusivelythoseofthe United
We acknowledgewithgratitude the toleranceofourwives,who StatesofAmerica;theirhistory,architecture,technology.and
have put upwithourall-consuminginterest.watched our slides. strategicand tacticalemployment.Membershipinthe CDSG
listened toourdiscussions,andaccompaniedusto isolated includesfour issuesofthe organization'stwo quarterly
fortificationsSPOtSaroundthe world. publications,theCoastDefenseJournaland the CDSGNewsletter.
Membersofthe Coast DefenseStudyGroup(www.cdsg.org)have For more informationabouttheCDSG pleasevisitwww.cdsg.org
contributedunselfishlytothisproject,especiallyMarkBerhow, orto jointheCDSGwrite to:
JoelEastman,Gregory Hagge,DavidKirchner,and GlenWilliford. [Attn:GlenWilliford]CoastDefense StudyGroup,lnc.,634 Silver
Theircontributionsaregratefullyacknowledged.Anyremaining DawnCourt,Zionsville,IN46077-9088.USA
errorsaresolelythe responsibilityoftheauthors.Wealso offer
specialthanksto NikolaiBogdanovicandMarcusCowperat llios
Publishingforefforts increatingtheFortressseries andfor
editingthisOsprey book.
Contents
Introduction 4
Chronology 8
American coastal defenses in the muzzle-loading era 9
The colonialand Revolutionaryperiod · The FirstSystem 1794-1806 • The SecondSystem 1807-15
TheThirdSystem 1816--67 • After theCivilWar 1868-84
American coastal defenses during the Modern Era 12
Before theEndicottBoard· The Endicott-TaftSystem 1885-1915 • Harbordefense betweenthewars 1916--36
WorldWarIIharbordefense 1937-45 • Postwarharbordefense 1945-50
Life in the coast artillery 17
BeforeWorldWarI • lifeduringWorldWar I • Life betweentheWorldWars • TheWorldWar IIexperience
Coastal defense in the Modern Era 21
Theframework ofcoastdefense • Tacticalandadministrative organization • Landdefense ofseacoastforts
The fort 26
Endicott-Taftforts > Permanent structures ' Cantonmentsandtemporarynon-tacticalbuildings
WorldWarJlcoast artilleryfortsand reservations
Armament and batteries 30
Seacoast ammunition 45
US Army controlled submarine mines 46
Themines • Minegroups • Mine buildings · Mineflotilla
Fire control and position find ing 5 I
Endicott-Taftfirecontrol • Firecontrolbetween theWorldWars • FirecontrolinWorldWarII
Searchlights 57
Generalsearchlightprinciples • Fixed searchlight projectors • Mobilesearchlights
The forts today 59
Suggestionsfor visits
Recommended reading 61
Glossary 62
Abbreviations
Index 64
Introduction
From the very beginning, Americans had to defend themselves against
seaborne threats. As its population grew, America's faith in its citizenry,
coupled with geographicisolation,resultedin asmallstanding army,largelyon
the frontier. \Vhile a citizen army could repel invasion, assembling such an
armyat the point ofattack would take time.Americansrecognized the need to
defend vulnerable pointsagainst sudden attackand to buy timefor the nation
to assemble its manpower. Furthermore, a field army, no matterhow resolute,
had neitherthe mobility nor the firepowerto repelwarships.
The result was an acknowledgment that America needed permanent
fortifications to protect her seaports. whue virtually every nation recognized
the superiority of forts over ships and relied on fortifications to protect their
harbors, America took to them with particular enthusiasm.They particularly
suited the American character. It required little manpower except during time
ofwarand did not threaten the libertiesofa people raised to distrust standing
armies. Equally important,coastalforts,rather than encouraginginternational
conflicts,would deterthem.
After the \-VaTof1812, the Board ofEngineers for Fortification set forth the
basic aims of the fortification program (which became the Third System),
which remained remarkably unchanged for over a century.The USCivil War
demonstrated the vulnerability of the old masonry forts to land-based rifled
guns,and by the 1880s,steam-powered ironclad warshipswith rifled guns had
completely upset the relationship between fortsand ships. America, however,
stillrelied on seacoast weaponsleft over from the USCivil war.
With its navy neglected and its seacoast defenses all but abandoned, the
American Congress finally created an inter-service committee in 1885 to
examine the needs and means for defending the coast. The ensuing report of
the "Endicott Board"established the Endicott Program,which in turn created
the Endicott System, the basic pattern for American coast defenses until their
demise after world war II. When modified by the Taft Board, this system
became the Endicott-TaftSystem.
If the Third System had been extensive, the Endicott-Taft System was even
moreso.BythestartofWorld WarI,nearlya hundred fortsandhundredsofgun
and mortar batteriesdefended over30 harbors, supported by submarine mines,
searchlights, and all the other necessary appliances of war. It was the greatest
defensive effort in the history of the country, and its remains still stand at
Virtually every significant harbor in the country. Compared to the olderThird
System works, however, the concrete batteries of the breech-loading era, less
obvious and less intuitive, have for decades been shrouded in ignorance and
misperception. Even their date has often been misjudged, since concrete can
belieitsage.Onlyin recentyears havethebatteriesandstructures oftheModern
Era (1885 to 1950)begun to receive the historicalattention theydeserve.
AsAmerica again moved toward warin 1940, a systematic program (which
became known at the 1940 Program) was adopted to modernize the coast
defenses, replacing older works with new ones that were more powerful yet
required fewer men. As these new batteries were completed, the older guns
were scrapped. At the same time, the war increasingly turned in America's
favor, and many new batteries were cancelled before completion. The war
ended as America was completing an unrivaled system of coast defenses, but
victoryeliminated theneed.Within afewyearsAmerica'scoastaldefenseswere
4 dismantled, its gunscut up forscrap.
Their scenic locations near large cities have made these defenses visible to
many casual visitors. The nature of fortifications, their permanence and
resistance todestruction,hasallowed them to withstand both naturalelements
and economic development.Amongthemost prominent surviving artifactsof
American military history, they continue to inspire public interest. This
interest, however, is seldom matched by available information. Far too many
visitors leave with noclearunderstandingoftheforts,when theywerebuilt,or
how theyfunctioned.
Today, interest continues to grow, as the forts ofAmerica's Modern Era are
finally beginning to be recognized as historic. A previous Osprey volume,
American Civil Wt" Fortifications:Coastal Brick and Stolle Forts- Fortress No. 6,
dealt with the masonry forts of the Third System. The present volume
introduces the forts of the Modern Era, characterized by breech-loading guns
and concrete batteries,and howthey protected the nation from 1885to 1950.
After \Vorld War I, the US Coast Artillery Corps acquired additional
functions in addition to harbor defense, most notably antiaircraft defense.
These functions, however, arc outside the scope of this volume.The defenses
described are thoseoftheUnitedStates,and allreferencesto army ornavyare
to the US Army and the US Navy, as well as to their various departments,
boards, and corps, unless otherwise specified. Additionally all references to
Congressare to the USCongress,the legislative and funding branch ofthe US
FederalGovernment.
BatteryHarris.FortTilden.NY.
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emplacementsforall-round fire in
1924.but duringWorldWar IIeach
emplacement received itsown
casematewhilekeepingthe
battery'sdispersedmagazinesand
powerhouses.(NARACartographic
and McGovernCollection)
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LEFT MapofUS and overseas Harbor Defenses refer to the period thatthefort had permanent batteriesduring
Thismap shows the primary (6in.orlargerarmament) Modern the Modern Era.HD::: HarborDefenses.MR::: Military
Eraforts byharbordefenses and serviceyears.The serviceyears Reservation.
Keyto mapopposite 8.HDofEastern NewYork 21.HDofMobile 32.HDofDutch Harbor
I.HD ofthe Kennebec Ft.Slocum 1897-1919 Ft.Morgan 1898-1928 Ft.Learnard 1944-50
Ft.Baldwin 1908-24 Ft.Schuyler 1899-1935 Ft.Gaines 1898-1928 Ft.Schwatka 1944-50
2.HDofPortland Ft.Totten 1899-1946 22.HDofthe Mississippi 33. HDofHonolulu
Ft.Lyon 1907-46 9.HDofSouthern Ft.St.Philip 1898-1920 Ft.Ruger 1910-46
Ft.McKinley 1901-47 NewYork Ft.Jackson 1899-1920 WiliwilinuiRidgeMR 1942-48
Peak's IslandMR 1942-48 Ft.Tilden 1917-48 23. HDofGalveston Ft.DeRussy 1913-46
JewellIslandMR 1943-46 Ft.Hamilton 1898-1948 Ft.Travis 1900-46 PunchbowlMR 1942-44
Ft.Levett 1903-48 Ft.Wadsworth 1897-1946 Ft.SanJacinto 1898-1946 34. HDofPearl Harbor
Ft.Preble 1901-46 Ft.Hancock 1890-1946 Ft.Crockett 1899-1946 Ft.Barrette 1934-48
Ft.Williams 1898-1946 HighlandsMR 1917-49 24. HDofSan Diego Ft.Weaver 1924-48
Cape Elizabeth MR 1942-45 10.HD ofthe Delaware Ft.Emory 1943-46 Ft.Kamehameha 1913-48
3.HD ofPortsmouth Ft.Mott 1899-1943 Ft.Rosecrans 1900--48 PuuO'HuluMR 1942-44
Ft.Foster 1901-46 Ft.Delaware 1899- 1942 25.HDoflosAngeles Kahe Point MR 1937-45
Ft.Constitution 1898-1942 Ft.DuPont 1899-1941 BalsaChica MR 1944-48 SaltaLakeMR 1942-48
Ft.Stark 1898-1945 Ft.Saulsbury J924-45 Ft.MacArthur 1917-56 FordIsland MR 1917-25
Ft.Dearborn 1942-48 Cape MayMR 1943-47 Whites Point MR 1944-48 35. HDofKaneohe
4.HDofBoston Ft.Miles 1917-48 LongPont MR 1944-50 Bay/NorthShore
East Point MR 1943-48 II.HDofBaltimore 26. HDofSan Francisco Ft.Hase 1942-48
Ft.Ruckman 1924-46 Ft.Howard 1899-1927 Milagra Ridge MR 1948-50 OpaeulaMR 1942-48
FeBanks 1896-1943 Ft.Carroll 1900-20 Ft.Funston 1919-48 Brodie Camp MR 1942-48
Ft.Heath 1901-46 Ft.Armistead 1900-20 Ft.Miley 1898-1949 KaenaPoint MR 1942-44
FeDawes 1942-46 Ft.Smallwood t900-27 Ft.Scott 1894- 1946 Lae0 KaOro MR 1944-48
Ft.Warren 1899-1945 12.HDofthe Potomac Ft.Mason 1900-09 36. HDofManilaand
Ft.Standish 1902-47 Ft.Washington 1898-1929 Ft.McDowell 1898- 1915 Subic Bays
Ft.Strong 1899- 1947 Ft.Hunt 1898-1920 Ft.Baker 1893-1946 Ft.Mills 1910-45
Ft.Andrews 1904-46 13.HDofChesapeake Bay Ft.Barry 1901-46 Ft.Frank 1913-45
Ft.Duvall 1927-48 Ft.Monroe 1897-1948 Ft.Cronkhite 1940--48 Ft.Drum 1918-45
FeRevere 1901-46 FeWool 1905-46 27. HD ofthe Columbia FeHughes 1914-45
OuterBrewster MR 1943-48 Ft.JohnCustis 1942-48 Ft.Stevens 1897-1947 Ft.Wint 1910--45
Fourth CliffMR 1944-48 Fisherman Is.MR 1917-65 Ft.Columbia 1898-1945 37. HDofCristobal
5.HDofNew Bedford Ft.Story 1917-49 Ft.Canby 1906-47 FtRandolph 1912-48
Ft.Rodman I899-1946 14.HDofCape FearRiver 28.HDofPuget Sound Ft.DeLesseps 1913-48
Mishaum Point MR 1945-47 Ft.Caswell 1898- 1925 Ft.Ward 1903-25 Ft.Sherman 1912-48
6.HDofNarragansett Bay 15.HDofCharleston Ft.Whitman 1911-43 38. HDofBalboa
Ft.Church 1942-48 MarshallMR 1944-47 Ft.Flagler 1898-1946 Ft.Kobbe I926-48
Ft.Adams 1898-1943 Ft.Moultrie 1898- 1946 Ft.Casey 1898-1945 Ft.Amador 1913-43
Ft.Wetherill 1901-47 Ft.Sumter 1906-46 Ft.Worden 1900--46 Ft.Grant 1912-48
Ft.Getty 1910-46 16.HDofPortRoyalSound Ft.Ebey 1943-46 39. HDofNewfoundland
Ft.Burnside 1942-48 Ft.Fremont 1899-1914 Camp Hayden 1944-48 Ft.McAndrew 1943-46
Ft.Greble 1898-1942 HiltonHead MR 1897-1898 29. HDofSitka 40. HDofBermuda
Ft.Kearny 1908-43 17.HDofSavannah Ft.Babcock 1942-44 Ft.Bell 1943-46
Ft.Varnum 1942-47 Ft.Screven 1898-1928 Ft.Peirce I944-44 41,HDofGuantanamo Bay
Ft.Greene 1943-48 18.HDofKeyWest Fort Rousseau 1944-50 Conde BluffMR 1911-11
7.HDofLongIsland Sound Ft.Taylor 1898- 1946 30. HDofSeward 42.HDofViequesSound
Ft.Mansfield 1901-17 SaltPond MR 1944-46 Ft.McGilvray 1944-44 Ft.Charles Bundy 1942-48
FeH.G.Wright 1901-46 19.HDofTampa Bay Ft.Bulkley 1944-44 Ft.Segarra 1942-48
Wilderness Pt.MR 1943-45 Ft.Dade 1899-1926 31. HDofKodiak 43.HDofSanJuan
Ft.Michie 1900-47 Ft.DeSoto 1902-21 Ft.J.H.Smith 1944-50 Ft.Amezquita 1941-48
Ft.Terry 1900--46 20. HD ofPensacola Ft.Tidball 1944-50 Ft.Mascaro 1942-48
Ft.Tyler 1898-1898 Ft.Pickens 1898-1947 Ft.Abercrombie 1944-50
CampHero 1944-48 Ft.McRee 1900-20
7
Chronology
1875 Congressceases to fundcoastdefense. 1912 Batteriesto protect the Panama Canalbegun.
1885 President Cleveland appoints Endicott Board 1914 PanamaCanalopened.
to evaluate UScoastaldefenses. 1916 Constructionbegunonfirst 12in.long-range
1886 TheEndicott Boardrecommendsspending barbette batteries.usingexistinggunbarrels.
$126million todefendAmericanharbors. Increase inenlistedstrengthto 29.469 by
1888 Congresscreates BoardofOrdnance and 1920authorized.
Fortificationto test weaponsand implement 1917 USentersWorldWarI.Significant numbers
the recommendationsofthe Endicott Board. of5.6.8,and lOin.guns,and Ilin.mortars,
First new appropriationforfixeddefenses. removedfromfortificationsfor use in
forsubmarine mines,isapproved. France.
1890 Congress funds constructionofthefirst 1918 EndofWorldWar I.CAC retains 155mm
Endicott-Taft batteries. GPFgunsandrailwayartillery.
1891 First Endicott-Taft mortar batterybegun;first 1919 Enlisted strengthofCAC fallsto 13,019.
controlled-mine casemates completed. includingantiaircraft andheavyartilleryunits.
1892 Completion offirst Endicott-Taftbattery 1921 16in.bar-bette gunandhowitzer batteries
(Gun-Lift BatteryPotter). begun.
1894 Development of Buffington-Crozier 1922 Internationaltreatieslimit navalconstruction
disappearingcarriagefor8in.and lOin.guns. and Pacificfortifications.
1896 CompletionofBuffington-Crozier 1924 CAC reorganized into regiments.
disappearingcarriagefor 12in.guns. 1926-28 First"Panamamount"for 155mmGPFguns
1898 Spanish-AmericanWar;150coast artillery developedintheCanalZone.
piecesmounted.USadds Philippines,Guam, 1931 Harbor Defense Board iscreated.
and Puerto Ricoas territories;establishes 1934 IssuingofHarbor Defense ProjectAnnexes
militarybases inCuba;annexes Hawaiian begins.
Islands.Two additionalartilleryregiments 1936 Construction begunat SanFrancisco forfirst
authorized inadditionto the4,500 enlisted 16in.casematedgunbattery(completed in
men intheartillery. 1940).
1899 288 heavycoast artilleryguns,154rapid-fire 1940 Congress approves the 1940 Modernization
guns,and312 mortars mounted. Programfor 19USharbors.
1901 Reorganizationofthe artillery from 1941 USentersWorldWar II;harborentrance
regiments into anArtilleryCorps with 30 controlposts (HECPs)established.Shielded
batteries offieldartilleryand 126companies "200-series" 6in.batteries begun;first
ofcoast artillery.Authorized strengthof completed in 1942.
coast artilleryis 14,000. 1942 CAC hasenlisted strengthof70,000.June
1902 Workbeginsonthefortifications in Manila 1942.Battle of Midwaysignalsthe turningof
Bay,Philippines. the tide inthe Pacific.
1903 First 16in.gun.M1895.completestests. 1945 EndofWorldWar II.
1905 President Roosevelt appointsTaft Board to 1948 Allconstruction ends;most coastdefenses
reviewandupdatethe Endicott Report. abandoned and armamentsalvaged.
1906 TaftBoard recommends improvingexisting 1950 Disestablishmentofthe CAe;antiaircraft
defenses withelectrification,searchlights,and units reunited withfieldartilleryinan
modernfire control,aswellasdefendingnew artillerybranch.
harborsat homeandabroad.
1907 ArtilleryCorpssplitand separate Coast
ArtilleryCorps(CAC) created,with 170
companiesofcoast artillery.Authorized
enlistedstrength increasedto 19,321.
8