ebook img

American Civil War. Almanac PDF

289 Pages·2000·12.88 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview American Civil War. Almanac

ACW-A.tpgs 9/29/03 3:15 PM Page 1 American Civil War Almanac ACW-A.tpgs 9/29/03 3:15 PM Page 3 American Civil War Almanac Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom Lawrence W. Baker, Editor Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page iv c Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom a n Staff a Lawrence W. Baker, U•X•L Senior Editor m Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher l A Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager : Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager r Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director a W Michelle DiMercurio, Art Director Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager l Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Specialist i Pamela Reed, Imaging Coordinator v Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Cataloger i C Robert Duncan, Senior Imaging Specialist Michael Logusz, Imaging Specialist n Randy A. Bassett, Image Database Supervisor Barbara J. Yarrow, Imaging and Multimedia Content Manager a c Marco Di Vita, Graphix Group, Typesetting i r e Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data m Hillstrom, Kevin, 1963– American Civil War. Almanac / Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom ; A Lawrence W. Baker, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Describes and interprets the era of the Civil War, its events, and topics with viewpoints, definitions, report topics, chronologies, sidebars, and statistics. ISBN 0-7876-3823-4 1. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Juvenile literature. 2. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Miscellanea—Juvenile litera- ture. 3. Almanacs, American—Juvenile literature. [1. United States—History— Civil War, 1861–1865.] I. Title: American Civil War. II. Hillstrom, Laurie Col- lier, 1965– III. Baker, Lawrence W. IV. Title. E468.H556 1999 973.7—dc21 99-046918 This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The author and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expres- sion, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this pub- lication will be vigorously defended. Cover photographs reproduced courtesy of the Library of Congress and the National Archives and Records Administration. Copyright © 2000 — U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group 27500 Drake Road • Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page v Contents Advisory Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii American Civil War Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Words to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii People to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv Chapter 1—Slavery and the American South . . . . . . . 1 Slavery in Early America . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Slavery and the Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . 3 “King Cotton” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Life as a Slave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Two Different Economies. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Chapter 2—The Northern Abolitionist Movement . . . . 15 Early Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 African Colonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 v Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page vi The Rise of the Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . 17 Resistance to Abolitionism in the North . . . . . 20 Support for Abolishing Slavery Grows . . . . . . 21 The Underground Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Uncle Tom’s Cabin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter 3—1800–1858: The North and the South Seek Compromise. . . . . . . 31 Federal Authority and States’ Rights . . . . . . . 32 Missouri Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Slavery and the War with Mexico . . . . . . . . 36 Compromise of 1850. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Fugitive Slave Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Kansas-Nebraska Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The Fight over Slavery in “Bleeding Kansas” . . . 45 Legislation Triggers Political Upheaval. . . . . . 48 Chapter 4—1857–1861: The South Prepares to Secede . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Dred Scott’s Bid for Freedom . . . . . . . . . . 52 North-South Tensions Grow . . . . . . . . . . 54 Lincoln Challenges Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . 55 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates . . . . . . . . . . 56 John Brown Leads the Raid at Harpers Ferry . . . 59 Brown’s Death Further Divides America . . . . . 61 The 1860 Presidential Campaign . . . . . . . . 61 Lincoln Wins the Election . . . . . . . . . . . 65 South Carolina Secedes, Other Southern States Follow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Chapter 5—1861: Creation of the Confederacy . . . . . 69 The Crittenden Compromise . . . . . . . . . . 70 Formation of the Confederate States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 The Confederacy Selects Its First President . . . . 72 Lincoln Signals Determination to Preserve the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 The Controversy over Fort Sumter. . . . . . . . 76 Lincoln Attempts to Send Supplies . . . . . . . 77 Southern Forces Attack Fort Sumter . . . . . . . 80 vi American Civil War: Almanac Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page vii Undecided States Join the Confederacy . . . . . 81 The Union Fights to Keep Other Border States . . 84 Lincoln Silences Maryland Secessionists . . . . . 84 The Union Struggle to Keep Missouri and Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Chapter 6—Europe’s View of the War. . . . . . . . . . 87 European Concerns about the Rebellion . . . . . 88 The South Hopes for Support . . . . . . . . . . 89 South Uses Cotton as a Weapon. . . . . . . . . 90 The “Trent Affair” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Europe Considers Confederate Successes. . . . . 96 Chapter 7—1861: The War Begins . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Celebrations of the Impending War . . . . . . 100 The North Builds Its Army. . . . . . . . . . . 101 The South Struggles to Provide for Its Soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 North and South Scramble for Military Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Amateur Officers and West Pointers . . . . . . 106 The Northern Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 The Southern Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Lincoln Makes a New State Out of Western Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 The Union Army Moves South. . . . . . . . . 111 The First Battle of Bull Run . . . . . . . . . . 112 The South Spoils the North’s Grand Picnic . . . 114 Southern Confidence and Northern Anger . . . 114 Chapter 8—1862: Near Victory for the Confederacy . . 117 The Calm Before the Storm . . . . . . . . . . 117 Grant Leads Union Victories in the West . . . . 120 The Battle of Shiloh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Preparation for the Attack on New Orleans . . . 122 Farragut Devises a Bold Plan . . . . . . . . . . 124 The Confederacy Passes the Conscription Act . . 124 Lincoln Grows Impatient with McClellan. . . . 126 McClellan Begins His Advance on Richmond . . 127 Stonewall Jackson’s Shenandoah Campaign. . . 128 Contents vii Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page viii Lee Stops McClellan’s Advance. . . . . . . . . 129 Lincoln Makes Changes in the Union Military Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 The Second Battle of Bull Run . . . . . . . . . 130 Confederate Victories in the West . . . . . . . 131 Lee Advances into the North. . . . . . . . . . 132 Antietam—the Bloodiest Day in American Military History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . 134 Lincoln Fires McClellan . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 The Battle of Fredericksburg . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter 9—1863: The Tide Turns . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Rosecrans and Bragg Duel in the West . . . . . 140 Lincoln Signs the Emancipation Proclamation . 143 Burnside’s “Mud March”. . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Hooker Prepares for Battle . . . . . . . . . . . 144 The Battle of Chancellorsville . . . . . . . . . 145 Lee’s Greatest Triumph . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Lee Invades Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . 149 The Battle of Gettysburg. . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Lee Orders “Pickett’s Charge” . . . . . . . . . 151 Grant’s Fight for Possession of the Mississippi River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 The Siege of Vicksburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Lincoln’s Troubles on the Home Front . . . . . 156 Rosecrans Occupies Chattanooga. . . . . . . . 157 The Battle of Chickamauga . . . . . . . . . . 160 Federal Victory at Chattanooga . . . . . . . . 160 Chapter 10—Women in the Civil War . . . . . . . . . 165 A Time of Hardship and Grief . . . . . . . . . 166 Women’s Roles in the War. . . . . . . . . . . 168 Nurses and Aid Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Spies, Scouts, Couriers, and Saboteurs . . . . . 173 Changes in Attitudes after the War. . . . . . . 175 Chapter 11—1864: The North Tightens Its Grip . . . . 177 Grant Takes Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 The North Launches Twin Offensives. . . . . . 179 viii American Civil War: Almanac Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page ix Battle of the Wilderness . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 The Battle of Spotsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Two Wounded Armies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 The Battle of Cold Harbor . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Grant Targets Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Northern Disillusionment with Grant’s Campaign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Sherman Chases Johnston. . . . . . . . . . . 185 Hood Assumes Command in the West . . . . . 187 Democrats Nominate McClellan for President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Farragut Captures Mobile Bay . . . . . . . . . 188 Atlanta Falls to Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Northern Confidence Returns . . . . . . . . . 192 Sheridan Goes to the Shenandoah Valley . . . . 192 Total Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Lincoln Wins Reelection. . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Sherman Begins His “March to the Sea”. . . . . 198 Thomas Crushes Hood in Tennessee . . . . . . 199 Chapter 12—Blacks in the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . 201 Northern Blacks Want to Join the Fight. . . . . 202 Prejudice Leads to Race Riots in the North . . . 204 Blacks in the Confederacy . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Word of Emancipation Spreads in the South . . 206 Escaped Slaves Move North . . . . . . . . . . 207 Union Army Finally Accepts Black Soldiers . . . 210 Blacks’ Wartime Service Breaks Barrier of Discrimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Chapter 13—1865: Victory for the North. . . . . . . . 217 Last Days of the Confederacy . . . . . . . . . 217 Lee Remains Trapped in Petersburg. . . . . . . 218 Sherman Moves Through South Carolina. . . . 219 Desperation in the Confederacy . . . . . . . . 220 The Confederacy Considers Using Blacks as Soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . . . . . 223 Grant Increases Pressure on Petersburg . . . . . 223 Grant Captures Petersburg and Richmond . . . 224 Lee Surrenders to Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Contents ix Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page x Union Celebrates Victory . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Lincoln Is Assassinated . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Davis Is Captured and Imprisoned . . . . . . . 229 Chapter 14—1865–1877: Reconstruction. . . . . . . . 233 End of the War Raises New Issues. . . . . . . . 235 Lincoln’s Wartime Reconstruction Policies . . . 237 President Johnson’s Reconstruction Policies. . . 237 Discrimination Continues in the South. . . . . 239 Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction . . . 241 The Fourteenth Amendment. . . . . . . . . . 242 New Hopes of Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 “Radical Reconstruction” . . . . . . . . . . . 244 President Johnson Faces Impeachment . . . . . 245 Reconstruction Unravels. . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Violence Against Blacks Increases . . . . . . . 249 The Election of 1876 Ends Reconstruction . . . 250 Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liii x American Civil War: Almanac Civil War Almanac FM 10/7/03 3:59 PM Page xi Advisory Board Special thanks are due to U•X•L’s Civil War Reference Li- brary advisors for their invaluable comments and sugges- tions: • Deborah Hammer, Former Librarian, Queens Borough Public Library, Jamaica, New York • Ann Marie LaPrise, Librarian, Detroit Public Library, Elm- wood Park Branch, Detroit, Michigan • Susan Richards, Media Specialist, Northwest Junior High School, Coralville, Iowa xi

Description:
Describes and interprets the era of the Civil War, its events, and topics with viewpoints, definitions, report topics, chronologies, sidebars, and statistics.
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.