American Adventurism Abroad: 30 Invasions, Interventions, and Regime Changes since World War II MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN III PRAEGER American Adventurism Abroad 30 Invasions, Interventions, and Regime Changes since World War II MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN III LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Sullivan,MichaelJ.1941– Americanadventurismabroad:30invasions,interventions,andregimechangessince WorldWarII/MichaelJ.SullivanIII. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-275-97276-3(alk.paper) 1.UnitedStates—Foreignrelations—Developingcountries. 2.Developingcountries— Foreignrelations—UnitedStates. 3.UnitedStates—Foreignrelations—1945–1989. 4.UnitedStates—Foreignrelations—1989– 5.Intervention(Internationallaw)— History—20thcentury. I.Title:UnitedStatesforeignpolicyontheperiphery. II.Title. D888.U6S852004 327.730172(cid:1)4(cid:1)09045—dc22 2003062254 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright(cid:2)2004byMichaelJ.Sullivan,III Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003062254 ISBN:0–275–97276–3 Firstpublishedin2004 PraegerPublishers,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.praeger.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ToDan,Phil,andLiz AdventurersforPeace Contents Introduction 1 IntroductionBibliography 13 PartI:TheEarlyYears:EmbracingaNewRole,1945–60 15 Chapter1:FromWorldWarIItotheColdWar:TheTruman Years,1945–52 17 IntroductiontotheEuropeanRegion 18 CASE1.Greece,1947–49 19 CASE2.Italy,1948 23 CASE3.Philippines,1946–53 27 IntroductiontotheEastAsianRegion 30 Bibliography 32 Chapter2:TheExpandingEmpireunderEisenhower,1953–60 37 IntroductiontotheMiddleEast 38 CASE4.Iran,1953 39 IntroductiontotheWesternHemisphere 42 CASE5.Guatemala,1954 43 CASE6.Lebanon,1958 47 IntroductiontotheSoutheastAsiaSubregion:Indochina-I 52 Bibliography 55 PartII:TheExtremistYears,1961–76 61 Chapter3:TheKennedy-JohnsonIdealistExtensions,1961–68 63 viii Contents IntroductiontotheAfricanRegion 64 CASE7.Congo,1961–65 64 CASE8.Cuba,1961 68 CASE9.BritishGuiana,1961–66 72 Indochina-II 75 CASE10.Laos,1961–73 76 CASE11.SouthVietnam,1961–65 79 CASE12.Brazil,1964 84 CASE13.DominicanRepublic,1961–66 87 CASE14.Indonesia,1965–66 91 Postscript:Greece,1967–74 96 Bibliography 96 Chapter4:TheNixon-FordRealistConsolidations,1969–76 105 CASE15.Cambodia,1970 107 CASE16.Kurdistan,1971–75 111 CASE17.Chile,1973 113 CASE18.Angola,1975 116 CASE19.Australia,1975 120 CASE20.EastTimor,1975 122 Bibliography 124 PartIII:TheFour-YearAberration,1977–80 131 Chapter5:JimmyCarter’sHumanRightsPause,1977–80 132 Bibliography 137 PartIV:TransitiontotheContemporaryEra,1981–2000 139 Chapter6:RonaldReagan:TheLastColdWarrior,1981–88 141 CASE21.ElSalvador,1979–91 142 CASE22.Nicaragua,1981–88 145 CASE23.Grenada,1983 148 CASE24.Libya,1981–86 150 CASE25.Afghanistan,1981–88 153 Bibliography 157 Chapter7:ThePost–ColdWarEra:Bush,Clinton,andthe SearchforNewThemes,1989–2000 163 CASE26.Panama,1989 165 CASE27.Iraq,1991 167 CASE28.Somalia,1992–94 171 CASE29.Haiti,1994 173 CASE30.Yugoslavia,1995and1999 177 Bibliography 181 Conclusion 187 Index 189 Tables 1.RiseoftheGlobalHegemon:FiftyYearsofUSForeignPolicyin thePeriphery:The30Cases 3 2.Casesvs.MainTheses 5 3.MethodsEmployedinUSInterventions 7 4.PersonalitiesInvolvedinUSInterventions 7 5.Casesvs.LocalDisastersduetoUSInterventions 9
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