America Builds An Empire - Alvin ISD

14 Pages·2012·11.27 MB·English

: AMERICA BUILDS
saidgs AN EMPIRE

2 (A) orb the naorchancenses tat dene an Netra co. a
& istry 2(8) aor the maf rs in stay om nary nthe (TERS
ese gal vse th any caacann Coo
«History 2(6) ply anclte slave hensony tho.ah
fmserang Ghee shed, evens ard ee pera
ry (0) Eri te agronomy ger surg pois
thet fpenihanevcon vad
* History 4(A} Explain why significant events, polities, ane individuals suck as the
Spanst-ercon ur US, epcntonam, 7 Aifec Thayer Pan Iepdore fever,
iMod bol dines mae tes States nto os pesto of wate ont
istry 4() lite reat Sperone seston uc Guo cs
the Prkpenes, ac uo Re
Ezography LHR) Mga is apa of phys nd Wun gaps 9 Ua
Bore chal
+ Gavurapiy 12) Ie ard ulin ays ar chances in plc’ Reais sch a
those nau fem satstod and iteration gothic,
«+ Elonomics 15() Bates on rag seller afeclse coro sus suchas the Oper
Deor Fay [an] Dali airy
+ Eeonowied15(0) "ese the corom' cso iterators miter enfies,ieuding
Fhe peneh-Asencan or one Deed atte

Tn this chapter, you will learn ahout U.S. foreign policy. You will investigate the reasons
why the United States erent (o war with Spain in 1898, You will alse learn how the United!
States acquiced a enlonial exupire, ‘The acquisition nf this colonial empire had a dramatic
effect on United States foreign policy, In order lo protect its colonial powessions, the
United StaCes built canal across the isthmus of Panama. Completion of the canal further
increased the influence af the Lnited States in the affairs of | atin America

Key Teebas ANb PEOPLE IN THIS CHAPTER

Foreign Polley Theotiore Roosevelt Open Boor Policy
Spanish-American War Ml lenperialisen Boxer Rebellion
Joseph Pulitzer Alfred Thayer Mahan Panama Cantal

© William Randolph Hearst Platt Amendment Big Stick Policy
Yellow Journalism Queen lifivokalani Dollar Biplomacy

Ww De Lome Letter Sandford 8. Dole “Watchful Waiting”
USS. Maine ohw Hay Pancho Villa

135
— IMPORTANT IDEAS —

Forelgn poliey consists of a country’s policies tows other nations
Vs win causes of the Spanish-American War included Spain's hursh «eat-
ment of Cubans: the sensationalization of eveniy by American newspapers,
Ansown as “yellow journatism'; the publicaiou of Uae De Lome letter caine
President McKinley “weak”: and the mysterious explosion of the U.8.8. Maine
in Fawana Harbor. Many Americans blamed Spain. When an agreement could
not be reached, President MeKinley asked Congress to intervene in Cua.
We war was fought inthe Caribhean anil Pacific, luz U.S, Pavic Fleet defeated
the Spanish at Manila Bay. Theodore Roosevelt's volunteer “Rough Riders
joined U.S. ronps in Cuba, Other forces captured Guam and Puerto Rico,
‘The United States emerged from the war as a majar world power, alter disp
ing its naval strength. Il was also lel im occupation of Spain’s former eolonies

= Cul, tne Philippines. Guam and Puerto Rico.
Tmnperialists called for the Lanted States to anmex these islands as new overs
colonies. they felt it would: provide raw materials and markets lor U.S. indus
tries: add to the nation’s prestige in the world community; allow America to
compete will other major powers that had colonies; and allow the United Stazes
to spread its Christi ials and way of life ta Jess ive peoples.
Allfred Thayer Malan was a leading imperialist who felt that national gzcat-
sucos was based on a nation’s naval power. He urged a large navy, a large mer

nt feet, and colonies to sorve as coaling stations aul places for trade

Lgerilists opposed the aoquisition of eolonies by the United States, argue
ing that imperial ale over others violned the Aruerivoa spirit of democracy.
In the eni, the imperialists won the. debats. America annexed the Philippines,
Puerta Rico, and Guam as colonics. Cua became an informal protectorate
The Loited Stucs also annexed Hawaii, Samoa, and Widway in the Pact
tn Mayall, American plantation owners overthrew Uke queen, Santiford Mole
Decame Hawaii's President and later its list governor
Jolm Hay anounced the Open Door Poliey in China to protect U.S, unde
despite the “spheres of influence” carved out hy the Furopenn powers. ‘Ih
United States dso intervened to help crash the Boxer Rebellioa in Chins. ay
‘opposed alicmpts by huropean povvers to break up China afler the rebellion,
The United States became the lirst powcr 10 open Japan to foreign wade, Soon
ater, Tapan industrialized and emorged as a leading, miliary power ia Asia,

-fenting China and then Russia in to separate was
“The Spanish American War demonstrated the nevd for a canal through Cental
Auncriva so U.S, warships could move back and forth between the Atfanlie and
Pacific Oceans, Ruoxevell negotiated with Colombia for the right to build canal
through Panor, He sent ships to prowect an uprising by Panaiaus against
Colombia in exchange fora strip of land kaovin as tie Pauses Canal Zone,
‘The U.S. intervened in the Cariobeaa, which became virtually an “American
Lake.” Roosevelt asserted the right wo intervene under his Big Stick Pol

une ni

Ant
IT \
Ess\ [AL QUESTIONS
EN

How did the Spanish-American War matk a “turning point” in American hislory?
Om What strategic and pol

o-

ial factors led America to become an imperial power?
Lom What were the main consequences af American imperialism?

os

a TS FOREIGN POLL

‘This chapter looks at American foreign policy. Foreign policy refers to a country’s
policies towards other countries. Social scientisis believe there are certain tare
teristics that make foreiyn policy special.

Intemational Anarchy, Fact independent, sovetcign nation has its ov laws
that citizers must obey. If citizens fail to obey these laws, they calt be punished.
Soversign countries, hoivever, are not subject to such higiter laws, For this reason,
social scientists say that sovereign nation exisL in a system of intemational anar-
thy. Each nation must depend on its own military and ecnmusnie pnover to saree, On
the otfter hand, countrios ustally follow some rules and customs to get along with
tone another

Balance of Power. When one country becames tow pawerful, other cuuntrige
sometimes aaad together in an alliance of coalition to protect themselves and make
sure the thyeatering poner does not became any stranger, This tendency %s known
as maintaining the balance of pow

Control of U.S. Foreigh Policy. In the United States, the Constitution places
control of foreign policy in the hands of both he Presiven and Congress, White the
President ard Secretary of State handle day-to-day diplomacy, they ned Congress
‘o vate funds to support thelr policies, or to declare war.

Traditional Foreign Policy. For much of thetr eatly histowy, Americans felt safe
behind theif two oceans, Theve oceans protected Antericans fram attack. President
Washington had wamed Americans to avoid entanglements with Europeen nations,
sha were Frequently at war with czch other, Thstead., he adviscd Americans to focus
‘an the Westrm Hortisphere, for the first 150 years arter independence, Americans
largey followed Washington's advice,

Natianal Interests. In the conduct of foreign poticy, each nation is usually
auided by its natioal hnterests, For the United States, these include security fromm
attack, protecting American investments, and promoting American democracy and
its way of life, To evaluate a particular foreign poliey, you must deletinine how wall
{t promotes these goals

“~ r
|__THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1698 |

Besides being, an age of important domestic reform, the Progressive Fra witnessed the
emergence of the United States as a great power on the world stage.

ORIGINS OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

Once the greatest of all world empires, by 1840 Spain’s overseas empire hae beew reduced
0 Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and afew smaller islands.

Most Cubans were peasants and laborers working on sugar and tnfjacvo plantations, bn
1804, the United States raised ils tariff on foreign sugar, ‘This made it harder for Ciba to
export ils sugar, leading (o unemployment. Cuban exiles in the United States, led by Jusé
‘Marti, sailed home and declared Cuhan independence in 1895. Spain respanclexl by sending
a Spanish army to Cuba to crush the rebellion, They used
‘brutal methods to repress the uprising.‘ isolate the rebels,
‘entire villages were forced into vamps sumounded by harhed
wire, where many died of disease and starvation,

These events raised humanitarian concerns itn tho
United States. They were reported in uewspapers ke
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World sud William Randolph
Hearsts New York Journal. These newspapers deliher-
arcly sensationalized the news, depicting the Spaniards as
anurderous bruies in order to sell more newspapers. This
technique became knowa as “yellow journalism.” Their
unbalanced reporting increased their circulations, hut gave
Americans an inaccurate picture of events in Cuba. Amei
cans wore also cunvemed to protect their investuneuts it
and trade with Cuba,

THE TRIGGERING EVENTS

Tn early 1898, a letier by De Téme, the Spanish aunbas-
satlor, was published in newspapersin the United States,
The De Lome letter outrged Amcricaus by calling
President MeKinley “weak.” Shortly afterwards, the
Maine was sent to Cuba to protect the lives and
prapedty of Americans, While i was mere int Havant
Harbor, it was sunk by an explosion tha‘ killed 258 U.S.

sailors and injured many oihers, Alibougd the cause of
the explosion remaing unknown, the Hearst und Puliver ras
‘newspapers blamed thie Spanish for sabotage, ve pn daa abe

‘The sinking of the Maine sel olla firestoran of protests in the hited States. The $pan-
ish government was willing to halt ils fighting against the Cuban rebels and even to open
the camps of Cuhan prisoners, but refused to grant Cuba ils independonce.
‘ACTING AS ‘AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN

In this climate of public apinion, President McKinley felthe had no
holes but ta ask 35 for permission to intervene in Cuba:

*fOlar acts hithertn ave been an unselfish desire for peace and.
prosperiry in Cuba, The forced intervention of the [Tnined States
asa neutral to stop the war my be brielly summarized as follows:

First. in tho cause a? humanity to put an cnd to the batbaritics. bloodshed,
and miseries now existing there .... Tr is aur duty, for its right at our door. S
‘ond, we owe i 40 or citizens in Cua... co terminate the conditions that deprive
them of lepal protection. Third, the sight to intervene may be justified by the
serivus injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people .... Fourth,
the present condition of affairs in Cubu is a constant menace to our peace — all
these and others that T need not mention. with the resulting strained relations, are
a constant menace ty eur peace antl compel us to keep a semi-war footing, with
a mation with which we were a peace.

Explain how would you have voted as a member of Congress in 1898,

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

‘he Spanish-American Wae was fought on wo fronts
fiend the Cacibbean, Shorty afer the start
of the wu; the U.S, Pacilv st sailed to the Philippines
tw aid Filipino rebels ancady in revoll against Spain, The
navy deleted a squadron of Spanish ships in Manila Bay.
Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt
rajsed a volunteer fore, huowar as dee “Rough Riders.
Acting with oar amy regiments, they defeated Spanish
oroos.at San Juan Hillin Cha. The G'S. Navy also took
Gnamanamo Bay. Nevertheless, some (7S. Army oops
dnl © withdraw from Coba because shay were contract.
ing Yellow Fever. ier forces occupied Guam and Puerta Tt :
Rico, Within foursuoulbs, Spain was Uefeated, Auncrivans Rr aer ating
forces were left in occupation of the Philippines, Cuba.
Puerto Rico, anal Guam,

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR AS A TURNING POINT

The Spanish-American War marked dhe cud of Spuin’s colonial crapire und the erergene:
of the United Stones as a world power. The war had let the United States demonstrate its naval
slrength 10 the world, [alse saised! 4 critical issue fir Americans: What should che Unite
States do with Uk: Foraner Spanish coloaies it was now occupying? Many istarians see the war
asa turning point becuuse the United Slates had awakened lo ils potenbial as a world power

hie ox
Tan
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM ]

By the war's end, the United States was occupying lour of Spain's former colonies. Many
Americans believed! they should annex thea, These American “imperialists” saw this as a
Unique opportunity, pointing out how European powers had recently acquired colonies in
Afvica andl Asia, ‘They believed the United States should take its own colonies

‘ais mulling else Lell to grab,

‘The imperialists gave these arguments oa Lelulf of U.S. colonial expansion:

Need For Rav Materials and Markets. Tre Unred | strategic Reasons. Some Anavirans hele cer
Sle ans ar inate al pose Colaniee could | | nie woule pomete dmercan nva.crength, ith

ne acca
See ee
Sees |e
[esemaon on

ee
retro, ese [ome recat
read hitters c| eerie
aeeeterienced |paeta cae
hae gore iea| |e haetaeyas
eet | erat
oe ak

Admiral Alfred Thayer Malan, President of the Naval War
Cullege, was Ameriew's leading advocate Lor imperial expansion,
Tavudore Roosevelt was one of Mahan’s followers. In his The
Influence uf Sea Power ion Histore (1890), Mahan focused on the
harsh political realities of expansion, Malian argucd thal to acaiove
wend power, a country needed a powerlul navy. For this, a country
abso sesled kage mexchant marine to supply its sailors. Finally, a
‘world power required colonies and naval bases to provide onaling
stations for ies steamships, and to ereate the trade needed to support
ts merchant ships.

Because other powers were also enmpeting for naval supremacy
and world markets, Mahan believed it was essential for Americans
to scize control of Pacific trace ruutes, to construct « cal Ubrough Central America, and
caribbean region. Geographically, Americans would then control the sea
lanes from the Caribbean Sea across the Pacific Ovean all the way to China and Japan,
[ACTING AS'AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN

In The Influence of Sea Pover Upon History, Mahan argued that
naval power was the key to national greatness and that colonial
outposts were eded to develop such naval power:

“Having no forcign estabfishments, either culunial or military,
lise war ships of the United States in war will be like land birds, unable
lo fly far from their own shores. ‘To provide resting-places for themn, wire taey
can [obtain] coal and repair, would be one of the fist duties uf a government
hoping, io develop the nation’s sea power ....'Uhe question is to build a navy
[that] shall be able to keep clear the chief approaches to is [territory] .... It may
safely be said that itis easeGal (a the welfare of a country that the conditions
of fade and commerce should renin uaufected by an external wat, 10 do this,
the enemy mnst be kept out of our ports and far from onr cous,

3 4 Accomding to Mahim, why was it important for America to develop a powecfal navy’?

3 de Low would acquiring colonies help the nation to develop such a navy?

THE ANTI-IMPERIALISTS

On the oller hand, the United States itself had once consisted of thisteen colonies, Even as
late as the 1890s, many Americans felt uncasy about forcing calonial rile of: olers. Oppo-
nents of colunialism, like Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie, fell imperialism violated the
hasic democratic principles of self-government on whiett the United Stulcs was founded,
Some of these «nti imperiatists formed the American Auti-lmperisdist League in 1898 (0
oppose the acquisition of wlunivs.

ACTING AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN

Moorefield Storey, the first Presiden! of the NAACP and of the
American Anti-Imperialist League, spoke in Boston about his con-
cers regarding American imperialism:

“Lis lub never met under vircunstances more cilculated lo ere
ate the gravest anviely ia every paltiotic naam thun tonight. By patriotic T
don't mean he who measures this country's greatness by rhe extent.uf her territory
the size of her armies, or the strength of her fleets, but I: whu huows thu the rue
prealiess of amation depends on its character ils sense of justice, its self restiait,
iia word upon its qualities which dlistinguis George Washington from the prize
fighter the highest ype of man Irom lhe highest type of beast..."

4 What were Storey’s views on what makes America a great aation?
eHow did Storey’s views differ froin these of Maban’s?
In the end, the imperialists seon the argument, Aller the Spanish-American War, the
ited States acquired colonial crupis: cuasisting of the Philippines, Guam, Havvaii,
Puerto Rico, Samoa, and Midway. One TLS. Senarar and Anti-Imperialist League member
mourned “the danger that we ave to he transformeal [rom a1 Republic, Founded on the Dec-
Jaration of Independenee, into a vulgar, common empire, Lauudled on Loree.” A Congres-
sional resolution, passed just before the war, had guaranteed the independence of Cuha, but
coven this island came under the iuformual control of the United States. Cubans were forced
to agree to che Platt Amendment, which gave the United States the right 10 intervene in
Coban affaies ov any lime,

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

te Have yourclass pretend they are the U.S. Congress debating whether to keup the
Philippines, Guan, and Pucrto Rico as colonies. Llave delegates from cach of
these places als make statements to Congress. Then have the class vote.

-& Make your own world map showing the development of Amerion‘s colonial
empire. Give each volony a separate color and show the date it was acquired,

AMERICA IN THE PACIFIC
THE PHILIPPINES

Filipinos were greatly disappointed when the ULS, Congress decided to amex the Pbilip-
pines instead of grnnting ducm their iadopeadeuce, Filipino rebels fouglat against their now
colonial rulers until duey ware finally defeated in 1902.

U.S. POSSESSIONS IN THE PACIFIC

a a)
HAWAII

‘The Llawaiian islands once provided a refueling station for Ameri
can ships. American settlers built sugar anil pineapple plantations on
Hawaii, Missionaries were also seul to Havwati lo convert the natives 60
Christianity. In che 1890s. Queen Liliuokalani, the native ruler, tried
to take political power back from American landawaers, In response,
American landownersoverthrew the Queen in 1893,Sandford B. Dole,
u lawyer, led the provisional government while it worked out plans
for the United States to auuex the iskds, Dole had worked to limit Sindion! 1 Bot
native rights in 1887 aud bad helped to overthrow the Queen, bee 16109

When President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii because of the planters’ actions
in seisiuy power, Dole served as Hawaii's Mresivent, Aller ihe outbreak of the Spanish-
Aauerivan War, Congress then voted th annex Ikiwaii in 1898. Dole served as Governor of
‘Hawaii from 1900 c0 1903, One of his cuusins developed the Dole pineapple company,

OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS

4 Guam, Guan was an important por-of-ealt for Spanish ships crossing the Pacific: bum
‘Mexico to the Philippines, fa 1898, Guam was taken Jror Spain by the United States during
the Spanish-American Wic: Today, i is an unincorporated territory of the United States.

4 Samoa and Midway, Midway had became an American possession in 1867, cven before
lhe Spanish-American War. In 1899, Samos was divided between Germany and the
United States. These Pacific ishands provided valuable naval buses and refueling sia
tions for American ships traveling to Asis

Complete the “ledgur” below listing the arguments for and against annexing overseas colanies

|__ Arguments for Imperialism Arguments against Imperialism
AMERICA AND BAST ASIA

Geography placed Americans in an advantageous position lor trade with Eust Asia: they
were separated from this region only hy the Pacifiv Ocean, Clipper ships brought Chinese.
toa und olher goods from [ast Asia 10 the Uniled Suites. Aller 1898, control of several
Pacific islands gave the Tnited States prealer ialuence in the Pucitic. ‘These colonial aqui
sitions also increased! American opportunities for trade with both China and Japan.

CHINA
Jn China. Europesn powers Lud alreaily eslublished exclusive “spheres of infueace™
(areas where ihey enjoyed special privileges) in the 1850s. The United States did not buve

sphere of inffuence there, but had mg cxtried on active trade in China, [Collier nations
went permitted tu partition China, the United States would likely be blocked from farnte
ceonomic activities. US. Secretary of State Joha May was anxious to protect American
businessmen and investers there. He worried that American trade
swonld be shut out of China by these European powers. Hay saw
China as a vital market for America’s new industrial ecnnom

In 189), Hay announced the “Open Door’ Policy, piving equal
trading rights to all foreign nations in China. May seut uates ( the
other inajor powers and declared his poliey to be in cllvet,

‘Only a few months later, in 1900, rehellion erupted in Chin.
It was led by the Boxers, a grup opposing Western influence in
China. The Boxer Rebelliou threatened the lives of lore
living in China. An international emmy, with U.S. partici
was sent to China were i crushed the rebellion. Hay announced.
that the Cited States would oppose any attempt by other nations
tw use (he rebellion as an exeuse to dismember China,

JAPAN

The Luited Suites opened an isolationist Fapan cn
Westem trade and influence whan Commodore
Matthew Perry landed there with Ameriean gun
ships in 1853. By the 1890s, Japan had adopted
Western ways and had beenme the fis Asian indus
tial power, Japan also adopied imperialist policies,

jcfeating China in 1894. In 1905, Japan sunprised
the West by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese
War. President Roasevel( brought the Russians und.
Japanese together aud negotiated 4 peaceful sertie-
ment in the Treaty of Portsmoutt (1905), Ue won.
the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforls,

PresidedtBoscerct ess wh the
se ae sa