Amazon Redshift - 数据库开发人员指南

933 Pages·2017·7.65 MB·English

by  Amazon Web Services

Amazon Redshift
Database Developer Guide
API Version 2012-12-01
Amazon Redshift Database Developer Guide
Amazon Redshift: Database Developer Guide
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Amazon Redshift Database Developer Guide
Table of Contents
Welcome........................................................................................................................................... 1
Are You a First-Time Amazon Redshift User? ................................................................................. 1
Are You a Database Developer? ................................................................................................... 2
Prerequisites.............................................................................................................................. 3
Amazon Redshift System Overview ...................................................................................................... 4
Data Warehouse System Architecture ........................................................................................... 4
Performance.............................................................................................................................. 6
Massively Parallel Processing .............................................................................................. 6
Columnar Data Storage..................................................................................................... 7
Data Compression............................................................................................................. 7
Query Optimizer................................................................................................................ 7
Result Caching.................................................................................................................. 7
Compiled Code.................................................................................................................. 8
Columnar Storage...................................................................................................................... 8
Internal Architecture and System Operation ................................................................................ 10
Workload Management............................................................................................................. 11
Using Amazon Redshift with Other Services ................................................................................ 11
Moving Data Between Amazon Redshift and Amazon S3 ....................................................... 11
Using Amazon Redshift with Amazon DynamoDB ................................................................. 11
Importing Data from Remote Hosts over SSH ...................................................................... 11
Automating Data Loads Using AWS Data Pipeline ................................................................. 12
Migrating Data Using AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) ......................................... 12
Getting Started Using Databases ........................................................................................................ 13
Step 1: Create a Database......................................................................................................... 13
Step 2: Create a Database User .................................................................................................. 14
Delete a Database User..................................................................................................... 14
Step 3: Create a Database Table ................................................................................................. 14
Insert Data Rows into a Table ............................................................................................ 15
Select Data from a Table ................................................................................................... 15
Step 4: Load Sample Data......................................................................................................... 15
Step 5: Query the System Tables ............................................................................................... 16
View a List of Table Names ............................................................................................... 16
View Database Users........................................................................................................ 17
View Recent Queries ......................................................................................................... 17
Determine the Process ID of a Running Query..................................................................... 18
Step 6: Cancel a Query ............................................................................................................. 18
Cancel a Query from Another Session ................................................................................. 19
Cancel a Query Using the Superuser Queue ......................................................................... 19
Step 7: Clean Up Your Resources ................................................................................................ 20
Proof of Concept Playbook................................................................................................................ 21
Identifying the Goals of the Proof of Concept .............................................................................. 21
Setting Up Your Proof of Concept.............................................................................................. 21
Designing and Setting Up Your Cluster ............................................................................... 22
Converting Your Schema and Setting Up the Datasets ........................................................... 22
Cluster Design Considerations.................................................................................................... 22
Amazon Redshift Evaluation Checklist......................................................................................... 23
Benchmarking Your Amazon Redshift Evaluation.......................................................................... 24
Additional Resources................................................................................................................. 25
Amazon Redshift Best Practices......................................................................................................... 26
Best Practices for Designing Tables ............................................................................................. 26
Take the Tuning Table Design Tutorial ................................................................................ 27
Choose the Best Sort Key .................................................................................................. 27
Choose the Best Distribution Style ..................................................................................... 27
Use Automatic Compression .............................................................................................. 28
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Define Constraints............................................................................................................ 28
Use the Smallest Possible Column Size ............................................................................... 28
Using Date/Time Data Types for Date Columns .................................................................... 29
Best Practices for Loading Data................................................................................................. 29
Take the Loading Data Tutorial .......................................................................................... 29
Take the Tuning Table Design Tutorial ................................................................................ 29
Use a COPY Command to Load Data .................................................................................. 30
Use a Single COPY Command ............................................................................................ 30
Split Your Load Data into Multiple Files .............................................................................. 30
Compress Your Data Files .................................................................................................. 30
Use a Manifest File........................................................................................................... 30
Verify Data Files Before and After a Load ............................................................................ 31
Use a Multi-Row Insert ..................................................................................................... 31
Use a Bulk Insert .............................................................................................................. 31
Load Data in Sort Key Order .............................................................................................. 31
Load Data in Sequential Blocks.......................................................................................... 32
Use Time-Series Tables ..................................................................................................... 32
Use a Staging Table to Perform a Merge............................................................................. 32
Schedule Around Maintenance Windows ............................................................................. 32
Best Practices for Designing Queries ........................................................................................... 32
Working with Advisor................................................................................................................ 34
Access Advisor................................................................................................................. 34
Advisor Recommendations................................................................................................. 35
Tutorial: Tuning Table Design............................................................................................................. 45
Prerequisites............................................................................................................................ 45
Steps...................................................................................................................................... 45
Step 1: Create a Test Data Set ................................................................................................... 45
To Create a Test Data Set .................................................................................................. 46
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 49
Step 2: Establish a Baseline....................................................................................................... 49
To Test System Performance to Establish a Baseline ............................................................. 50
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 52
Step 3: Select Sort Keys ............................................................................................................ 52
To Select Sort Keys .......................................................................................................... 53
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 53
Step 4: Select Distribution Styles ............................................................................................... 53
Distribution Styles............................................................................................................ 54
To Select Distribution Styles .............................................................................................. 54
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 57
Step 5: Review Compression Encodings....................................................................................... 57
To Review Compression Encodings ..................................................................................... 57
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 59
Step 6: Recreate the Test Data Set ............................................................................................. 59
To Recreate the Test Data Set ............................................................................................ 60
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 62
Step 7: Retest System Performance After Tuning ......................................................................... 62
To Retest System Performance After Tuning ........................................................................ 62
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 66
Step 8: Evaluate the Results...................................................................................................... 66
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 68
Step 9: Clean Up Your Resources ................................................................................................ 68
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 68
Summary................................................................................................................................ 68
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 69
Tutorial: Loading Data from Amazon S3.............................................................................................. 70
Prerequisites............................................................................................................................ 70
Overview................................................................................................................................. 70
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Steps...................................................................................................................................... 71
Step 1: Launch a Cluster........................................................................................................... 71
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 72
Step 2: Download the Data Files ................................................................................................ 72
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 72
Step 3: Upload the Files to an Amazon S3 Bucket ........................................................................ 72
...................................................................................................................................... 73
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 73
Step 4: Create the Sample Tables ............................................................................................... 74
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 76
Step 5: Run the COPY Commands.............................................................................................. 76
COPY Command Syntax .................................................................................................... 76
Loading the SSB Tables ..................................................................................................... 77
Step 6: Vacuum and Analyze the Database .................................................................................. 87
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 88
Step 7: Clean Up Your Resources ................................................................................................ 88
Next............................................................................................................................... 88
Summary................................................................................................................................ 88
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 89
Tutorial: Configuring WLM Queues to Improve Query Processing ............................................................ 90
Overview................................................................................................................................. 90
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................... 90
Sections.......................................................................................................................... 90
Section 1: Understanding the Default Queue Processing Behavior ................................................... 90
Step 1: Create the WLM_QUEUE_STATE_VW View ................................................................ 91
Step 2: Create the WLM_QUERY_STATE_VW View ................................................................. 92
Step 3: Run Test Queries ................................................................................................... 93
Section 2: Modifying the WLM Query Queue Configuration ............................................................ 94
Step 1: Create a Parameter Group ...................................................................................... 94
Step 2: Configure WLM ..................................................................................................... 95
Step 3: Associate the Parameter Group with Your Cluster ...................................................... 96
Section 3: Routing Queries to Queues Based on User Groups and Query Groups ................................ 98
Step 1: View Query Queue Configuration in the Database ...................................................... 98
Step 2: Run a Query Using the Query Group Queue .............................................................. 99
Step 3: Create a Database User and Group ........................................................................ 100
Step 4: Run a Query Using the User Group Queue .............................................................. 100
Section 4: Using wlm_query_slot_count to Temporarily Override Concurrency Level in a Queue......... 101
Step 1: Override the Concurrency Level Using wlm_query_slot_count .................................... 102
Step 2: Run Queries from Different Sessions ...................................................................... 103
Section 5: Cleaning Up Your Resources ...................................................................................... 103
Tutorial: Querying Nested Data with Amazon Redshift Spectrum .......................................................... 104
Overview............................................................................................................................... 104
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 104
Step 1: Create an External Table That Contains Nested Data ........................................................ 105
Step 2: Query Your Nested Data in Amazon S3 with SQL Extensions .............................................. 105
Extension 1: Access to Columns of Structs ......................................................................... 105
Extension 2: Ranging Over Arrays in a FROM Clause ............................................................ 106
Extension 3: Accessing an Array of Scalars Directly Using an Alias ......................................... 108
Extension 4: Accessing Elements of Maps .......................................................................... 108
Nested Data Use Cases............................................................................................................ 109
Ingesting Nested Data..................................................................................................... 109
Aggregating Nested Data with Subqueries ........................................................................ 109
Joining Amazon Redshift and Nested Data ........................................................................ 110
Nested Data Limitations.......................................................................................................... 111
Managing Database Security ............................................................................................................ 112
Amazon Redshift Security Overview .......................................................................................... 112
Default Database User Privileges.............................................................................................. 113
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Superusers............................................................................................................................. 113
Users..................................................................................................................................... 114
Creating, Altering, and Deleting Users ............................................................................... 114
Groups.................................................................................................................................. 114
Creating, Altering, and Deleting Groups ............................................................................. 115
Schemas................................................................................................................................ 115
Creating, Altering, and Deleting Schemas .......................................................................... 115
Search Path................................................................................................................... 116
Schema-Based Privileges................................................................................................. 116
Example for Controlling User and Group Access ......................................................................... 116
Designing Tables............................................................................................................................ 118
Choosing a Column Compression Type ...................................................................................... 118
Compression Encodings................................................................................................... 119
Testing Compression Encodings ........................................................................................ 125
Example: Choosing Compression Encodings for the CUSTOMER Table .................................... 127
Choosing a Data Distribution Style ........................................................................................... 129
Data Distribution Concepts .............................................................................................. 129
Distribution Styles.......................................................................................................... 130
Viewing Distribution Styles .............................................................................................. 131
Evaluating Query Patterns ............................................................................................... 132
Designating Distribution Styles ......................................................................................... 132
Evaluating the Query Plan ............................................................................................... 133
Query Plan Example ....................................................................................................... 134
Distribution Examples..................................................................................................... 138
Choosing Sort Keys ................................................................................................................. 140
Compound Sort Key ........................................................................................................ 141
Interleaved Sort Key ....................................................................................................... 141
Comparing Sort Styles .................................................................................................... 142
Defining Constraints............................................................................................................... 145
Analyzing Table Design ........................................................................................................... 146
Using Amazon Redshift Spectrum to Query External Data ................................................................... 148
Amazon Redshift Spectrum Overview ....................................................................................... 148
Amazon Redshift Spectrum Regions .................................................................................. 149
Amazon Redshift Spectrum Considerations ........................................................................ 149
Getting Started With Amazon Redshift Spectrum ....................................................................... 150
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 150
Steps............................................................................................................................ 150
Step 1. Create an IAM Role .............................................................................................. 151
Step 2: Associate the IAM Role with Your Cluster ................................................................ 151
Step 3: Create an External Schema and an External Table .................................................... 152
Step 4: Query Your Data in Amazon S3 ............................................................................. 153
IAM Policies for Amazon Redshift Spectrum ............................................................................... 155
Amazon S3 Permissions ................................................................................................... 155
Cross-Account Amazon S3 Permissions .............................................................................. 156
Grant or Restrict Access Using Redshift Spectrum ............................................................... 156
Minimum Permissions..................................................................................................... 157
Chaining IAM Roles ......................................................................................................... 158
Access AWS Glue Data .................................................................................................... 158
Creating Data Files for Queries in Amazon Redshift Spectrum ...................................................... 164
Creating External Schemas ...................................................................................................... 166
Working with External Catalogs ........................................................................................ 167
Creating External Tables .......................................................................................................... 172
Pseudocolumns.............................................................................................................. 173
Partitioning Redshift Spectrum External Tables .................................................................. 174
Mapping to ORC Columns ............................................................................................... 177
Improving Amazon Redshift Spectrum Query Performance .......................................................... 179
Monitoring Metrics.................................................................................................................. 182
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Troubleshooting Queries.......................................................................................................... 182
Retries Exceeded............................................................................................................ 182
No Rows Returned for a Partitioned Table ......................................................................... 183
Not Authorized Error ....................................................................................................... 183
Incompatible Data Formats .............................................................................................. 183
Syntax Error When Using Hive DDL in Amazon Redshift ....................................................... 184
Permission to Create Temporary Tables ............................................................................. 184
Loading Data................................................................................................................................. 185
Using COPY to Load Data ........................................................................................................ 185
Credentials and Access Permissions ................................................................................... 186
Preparing Your Input Data ............................................................................................... 187
Loading Data from Amazon S3 ........................................................................................ 188
Loading Data from Amazon EMR ...................................................................................... 197
Loading Data from Remote Hosts ..................................................................................... 201
Loading from Amazon DynamoDB .................................................................................... 207
Verifying That the Data Was Loaded Correctly ................................................................... 209
Validating Input Data ...................................................................................................... 209
Automatic Compression................................................................................................... 210
Optimizing for Narrow Tables .......................................................................................... 212
Default Values................................................................................................................ 212
Troubleshooting............................................................................................................. 212
Updating with DML................................................................................................................ 217
Updating and Inserting ........................................................................................................... 217
Merge Method 1: Replacing Existing Rows ......................................................................... 217
Merge Method 2: Specifying a Column List ........................................................................ 218
Creating a Temporary Staging Table ................................................................................. 218
Performing a Merge Operation by Replacing Existing Rows .................................................. 218
Performing a Merge Operation by Specifying a Column List ................................................. 219
Merge Examples............................................................................................................. 220
Performing a Deep Copy ......................................................................................................... 222
Analyzing Tables.................................................................................................................... 224
Analyzing Tables............................................................................................................ 224
Analysis of New Table Data ............................................................................................. 225
ANALYZE Command History ............................................................................................. 228
Vacuuming Tables................................................................................................................... 229
VACUUM Frequency........................................................................................................ 229
Sort Stage and Merge Stage ............................................................................................ 230
Vacuum Threshold .......................................................................................................... 230
Vacuum Types................................................................................................................ 230
Managing Vacuum Times ................................................................................................. 231
Managing Concurrent Write Operations ..................................................................................... 237
Serializable Isolation....................................................................................................... 238
Write and Read-Write Operations ..................................................................................... 239
Concurrent Write Examples .............................................................................................. 239
Unloading Data.............................................................................................................................. 242
Unloading Data to Amazon S3 ................................................................................................. 242
Unloading Encrypted Data Files ................................................................................................ 245
Unloading Data in Delimited or Fixed-Width Format ................................................................... 246
Reloading Unloaded Data ........................................................................................................ 247
Creating User-Defined Functions ...................................................................................................... 248
UDF Security and Privileges ..................................................................................................... 248
Creating a Scalar SQL UDF ...................................................................................................... 248
Scalar SQL Function Example ........................................................................................... 249
Creating a Scalar Python UDF .................................................................................................. 249
Scalar Python UDF Example ............................................................................................. 250
Python UDF Data Types .................................................................................................. 250
ANYELEMENT Data Type ................................................................................................. 251
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Python Language Support ............................................................................................... 251
UDF Constraints............................................................................................................. 254
Naming UDFs......................................................................................................................... 254
Overloading Function Names ........................................................................................... 255
Preventing UDF Naming Conflicts ..................................................................................... 255
Logging Errors and Warnings ................................................................................................... 255
Tuning Query Performance .............................................................................................................. 257
Query Processing.................................................................................................................... 257
Query Planning And Execution Workflow ........................................................................... 257
Reviewing Query Plan Steps ............................................................................................ 259
Query Plan.................................................................................................................... 260
Factors Affecting Query Performance ................................................................................ 266
Analyzing and Improving Queries ............................................................................................. 267
Query Analysis Workflow ................................................................................................. 267
Reviewing Query Alerts ................................................................................................... 268
Analyzing the Query Plan ................................................................................................ 269
Analyzing the Query Summary ......................................................................................... 270
Improving Query Performance ......................................................................................... 275
Diagnostic Queries for Query Tuning ................................................................................. 277
Troubleshooting Queries.......................................................................................................... 280
Connection Fails............................................................................................................. 281
Query Hangs.................................................................................................................. 281
Query Takes Too Long .................................................................................................... 282
Load Fails...................................................................................................................... 283
Load Takes Too Long ...................................................................................................... 283
Load Data Is Incorrect ..................................................................................................... 283
Setting the JDBC Fetch Size Parameter ............................................................................. 284
Implementing Workload Management............................................................................................... 285
Defining Query Queues ........................................................................................................... 285
Concurrency Scaling Mode ............................................................................................... 286
Concurrency Level.......................................................................................................... 286
User Groups................................................................................................................... 287
Query Groups................................................................................................................ 288
Wildcards....................................................................................................................... 288
WLM Memory Percent to Use ........................................................................................... 288
WLM Timeout................................................................................................................ 288
Query Monitoring Rules .................................................................................................. 289
Concurrency Scaling................................................................................................................ 289
Concurrency Scaling Candidates ....................................................................................... 289
Configuring Concurrency Scaling Queues ........................................................................... 289
Monitoring Concurrency Scaling ....................................................................................... 290
System Views................................................................................................................. 290
Related Information........................................................................................................ 290
WLM Query Queue Hopping .................................................................................................... 291
WLM Timeout Queue Hopping......................................................................................... 291
WLM Timeout Reassigned and Restarted Queries ................................................................ 291
QMR Hop Action Queue Hopping ..................................................................................... 292
QMR Hop Action Reassigned and Restarted Queries ............................................................ 292
WLM Query Queue Hopping Summary .............................................................................. 293
Short Query Acceleration ........................................................................................................ 293
Maximum SQA Run Time ................................................................................................. 294
Monitoring SQA.............................................................................................................. 294
Modifying the WLM Configuration ............................................................................................ 295
WLM Queue Assignment Rules................................................................................................. 295
Queue Assignments Example........................................................................................... 297
Assigning Queries to Queues................................................................................................... 298
Assigning Queries to Queues Based on User Groups ............................................................ 298
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Assigning a Query to a Query Group ................................................................................. 298
Assigning Queries to the Superuser Queue........................................................................ 299
Dynamic and Static Properties ................................................................................................. 299
WLM Dynamic Memory Allocation .................................................................................... 300
Dynamic WLM Example................................................................................................... 300
Query Monitoring Rules .......................................................................................................... 301
Defining a Query Monitor Rule ......................................................................................... 302
Query Monitoring Metrics ................................................................................................ 303
Query Monitoring Rules Templates ................................................................................... 304
System Tables and Views for Query Monitoring Rules ......................................................... 305
WLM System Tables and Views ................................................................................................ 306
SQL Reference............................................................................................................................... 308
Amazon Redshift SQL ............................................................................................................. 308
SQL Functions Supported on the Leader Node ................................................................... 308
Amazon Redshift and PostgreSQL .................................................................................... 309
Using SQL............................................................................................................................. 314
SQL Reference Conventions ............................................................................................. 314
Basic Elements............................................................................................................... 315
Expressions.................................................................................................................... 339
Conditions..................................................................................................................... 342
SQL Commands...................................................................................................................... 359
ABORT.......................................................................................................................... 361
ALTER DATABASE........................................................................................................... 362
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES ............................................................................................ 363
ALTER GROUP................................................................................................................ 365
ALTER SCHEMA.............................................................................................................. 366
ALTER TABLE................................................................................................................. 367
ALTER TABLE APPEND ..................................................................................................... 376
ALTER USER................................................................................................................... 379
ANALYZE....................................................................................................................... 382
ANALYZE COMPRESSION................................................................................................. 384
BEGIN........................................................................................................................... 386
CANCEL......................................................................................................................... 387
CLOSE........................................................................................................................... 389
COMMENT..................................................................................................................... 390
COMMIT........................................................................................................................ 391
COPY............................................................................................................................ 392
CREATE DATABASE.......................................................................................................... 450
CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA ............................................................................................ 451
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ................................................................................................ 454
CREATE FUNCTION......................................................................................................... 465
CREATE GROUP.............................................................................................................. 469
CREATE LIBRARY............................................................................................................ 469
CREATE SCHEMA............................................................................................................ 472
CREATE TABLE............................................................................................................... 473
CREATE TABLE AS ........................................................................................................... 485
CREATE USER................................................................................................................. 492
CREATE VIEW................................................................................................................. 495
DEALLOCATE.................................................................................................................. 498
DECLARE....................................................................................................................... 498
DELETE......................................................................................................................... 501
DROP DATABASE............................................................................................................ 502
DROP FUNCTION............................................................................................................ 503
DROP GROUP................................................................................................................ 504
DROP LIBRARY............................................................................................................... 504
DROP SCHEMA............................................................................................................... 505
DROP TABLE.................................................................................................................. 506
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DROP USER................................................................................................................... 509
DROP VIEW................................................................................................................... 510
END.............................................................................................................................. 511
EXECUTE....................................................................................................................... 512
EXPLAIN........................................................................................................................ 513
FETCH........................................................................................................................... 517
GRANT.......................................................................................................................... 518
INSERT.......................................................................................................................... 522
LOCK............................................................................................................................ 526
PREPARE....................................................................................................................... 527
RESET........................................................................................................................... 529
REVOKE......................................................................................................................... 529
ROLLBACK..................................................................................................................... 533
SELECT.......................................................................................................................... 534
SELECT INTO.................................................................................................................. 562
SET............................................................................................................................... 562
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ........................................................................................ 565
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................... 566
SHOW........................................................................................................................... 566
START TRANSACTION...................................................................................................... 567
TRUNCATE..................................................................................................................... 567
UNLOAD........................................................................................................................ 568
UPDATE......................................................................................................................... 582
VACUUM........................................................................................................................ 587
SQL Functions Reference ......................................................................................................... 590
Leader Node–Only Functions ........................................................................................... 591
Compute Node–Only Functions ........................................................................................ 592
Aggregate Functions....................................................................................................... 592
Bit-Wise Aggregate Functions .......................................................................................... 608
Window Functions.......................................................................................................... 613
Conditional Expressions................................................................................................... 657
Date and Time Functions ................................................................................................. 666
Math Functions.............................................................................................................. 703
String Functions............................................................................................................. 727
JSON Functions.............................................................................................................. 764
Data Type Formatting Functions ....................................................................................... 770
System Administration Functions ...................................................................................... 780
System Information Functions .......................................................................................... 784
Reserved Words...................................................................................................................... 797
System Tables Reference ................................................................................................................. 801
System Tables and Views ......................................................................................................... 801
Types of System Tables and Views ............................................................................................ 801
Visibility of Data in System Tables and Views ............................................................................. 802
Filtering System-Generated Queries .................................................................................. 802
STL Tables for Logging ........................................................................................................... 802
STL_AGGR..................................................................................................................... 804
STL_ALERT_EVENT_LOG.................................................................................................. 805
STL_ANALYZE................................................................................................................. 807
STL_BCAST.................................................................................................................... 809
STL_COMMIT_STATS ....................................................................................................... 810
STL_CONNECTION_LOG................................................................................................... 811
STL_DDLTEXT................................................................................................................. 812
STL_DELETE................................................................................................................... 814
STL_DISK_FULL_DIAG...................................................................................................... 816
STL_DIST....................................................................................................................... 816
STL_ERROR.................................................................................................................... 817
STL_EXPLAIN................................................................................................................. 818
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