Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud User Guide for Linux - Amazon.com

843 Pages·2016·8.97 MB·English

by  Amazon Web Services

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
User Guide for Linux Instances
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
User Guide for Linux Instances
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud: User Guide for Linux Instances
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Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
User Guide for Linux Instances
Table of Contents
What is Amazon EC2? ......................................................................................................................... 1
Features of Amazon EC2............................................................................................................. 1
How to get started with Amazon EC2 ........................................................................................... 1
Related services......................................................................................................................... 2
Access Amazon EC2 .................................................................................................................... 3
Pricing for Amazon EC2 .............................................................................................................. 3
PCI DSS compliance.................................................................................................................... 4
Set up.............................................................................................................................................. 5
Sign up for AWS ........................................................................................................................ 5
Create a key pair ........................................................................................................................ 5
Create a security group ............................................................................................................... 6
Get started tutorial ............................................................................................................................ 9
Overview................................................................................................................................... 9
Prerequisites............................................................................................................................ 10
Step 1: Launch an instance ........................................................................................................ 10
Step 2: Connect to your instance ............................................................................................... 11
Step 3: Clean up your instance.................................................................................................. 11
Next steps............................................................................................................................... 12
Best practices.................................................................................................................................. 13
Tutorials.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Install LAMP on Amazon Linux 2022.......................................................................................... 15
Step 1: Prepare the LAMP server ........................................................................................ 16
Step 2: Test your LAMP server ........................................................................................... 18
Step 3: Secure the database server ..................................................................................... 20
Step 4: (Optional) Install phpMyAdmin ................................................................................ 21
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................... 23
Related topics.................................................................................................................. 23
Install LAMP on Amazon Linux 2................................................................................................ 24
Step 1: Prepare the LAMP server ........................................................................................ 24
Step 2: Test your LAMP server ........................................................................................... 28
Step 3: Secure the database server ..................................................................................... 29
Step 4: (Optional) Install phpMyAdmin ................................................................................ 30
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................... 33
Related topics.................................................................................................................. 33
Install LAMP on the Amazon Linux AMI ....................................................................................... 34
Step 1: Prepare the LAMP server ........................................................................................ 34
Step 2: Test your Lamp server ........................................................................................... 37
Step 3: Secure the database server ..................................................................................... 38
Step 4: (Optional) Install phpMyAdmin ................................................................................ 40
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................... 42
Related topics.................................................................................................................. 43
Configure SSL/TLS on Amazon Linux 2022 .................................................................................. 43
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................... 44
Step 1: Enable TLS on the server ....................................................................................... 45
Step 2: Obtain a CA-signed certificate ................................................................................. 47
Step 3: Test and harden the security configuration ............................................................... 51
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................... 54
Certificate automation: Let's Encrypt with Certbot on Amazon Linux 2022 ............................... 54
Configure SSL/TLS on Amazon Linux 2 ....................................................................................... 58
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................... 59
Step 1: Enable TLS on the server ....................................................................................... 45
Step 2: Obtain a CA-signed certificate ................................................................................. 61
Step 3: Test and harden the security configuration ............................................................... 66
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................... 68
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User Guide for Linux Instances
Certificate automation: Let's Encrypt with Certbot on Amazon Linux 2 .................................... 69
Configure SSL/TLS with the Amazon Linux AMI ............................................................................ 73
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................... 74
Step 1: Enable TLS on the server ....................................................................................... 74
Step 2: Obtain a CA-signed certificate ................................................................................. 76
Step 3: Test and harden the security configuration ............................................................... 80
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................... 82
Increase size of Amazon EBS volume .......................................................................................... 83
Step 1: Launch an instance with added volume .................................................................... 84
Step 2: Make the data volume available for use ................................................................... 86
Step 3: Increase the size of the data volume ........................................................................ 87
Step 4: Extend the file system ........................................................................................... 89
Step 5: Clean up.............................................................................................................. 90
Host a WordPress blog on Amazon Linux 2022 ............................................................................ 91
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................... 91
Install WordPress.............................................................................................................. 91
Next steps....................................................................................................................... 98
Help! My public DNS name changed and now my blog is broken ............................................. 99
Host a WordPress blog on Amazon Linux 2 ................................................................................ 100
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 101
Install WordPress............................................................................................................ 101
Next steps..................................................................................................................... 106
Help! My public DNS name changed and now my blog is broken ........................................... 107
Amazon Machine Images ................................................................................................................. 109
Use an AMI............................................................................................................................ 109
Create your own AMI .............................................................................................................. 110
Buy, share, and sell AMIs ......................................................................................................... 110
Deregister your AMI ................................................................................................................ 111
Amazon Linux 2 and Amazon Linux AMI .................................................................................... 111
AMI types.............................................................................................................................. 111
Launch permissions......................................................................................................... 111
Storage for the root device .............................................................................................. 112
Virtualization types................................................................................................................. 114
Boot modes........................................................................................................................... 116
Launch an instance ......................................................................................................... 117
AMI boot mode parameter.............................................................................................. 118
Instance type boot mode ................................................................................................. 119
Instance boot mode ........................................................................................................ 120
Operating system boot mode........................................................................................... 121
Set AMI boot mode........................................................................................................ 122
UEFI variables................................................................................................................ 124
UEFI Secure Boot ............................................................................................................ 125
Find a Linux AMI.................................................................................................................... 134
Find a Linux AMI using the Amazon EC2 console ................................................................ 134
Find an AMI using the AWS CLI ........................................................................................ 135
Find the latest Amazon Linux AMI using Systems Manager ................................................... 135
Use a Systems Manager parameter to find an AMI .............................................................. 136
Shared AMIs........................................................................................................................... 139
Verified provider............................................................................................................. 139
Find shared AMIs ............................................................................................................ 140
Make an AMI public ........................................................................................................ 142
Share an AMI with organizations or OUs ........................................................................... 144
Share an AMI with specific AWS accounts .......................................................................... 151
Cancel having an AMI shared with your account ................................................................. 153
Use bookmarks.............................................................................................................. 154
Guidelines for shared Linux AMIs ...................................................................................... 155
Paid AMIs.............................................................................................................................. 159
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User Guide for Linux Instances
Sell your AMI ................................................................................................................. 159
Find a paid AMI.............................................................................................................. 159
Purchase a paid AMI ....................................................................................................... 160
Get the product code for your instance ............................................................................. 161
Use paid support ............................................................................................................ 161
Bills for paid and supported AMIs ..................................................................................... 162
Manage your AWS Marketplace subscriptions ..................................................................... 162
AMI lifecycle.......................................................................................................................... 162
Create an AMI ................................................................................................................ 163
Copy an AMI .................................................................................................................. 199
Store and restore an AMI ................................................................................................ 205
Deprecate an AMI ........................................................................................................... 211
Deregister your AMI ........................................................................................................ 216
Recover AMIs from the Recycle Bin ................................................................................... 222
Automate the EBS-backed AMI lifecycle ............................................................................ 225
Use encryption with EBS-backed AMIs ....................................................................................... 225
Instance-launching scenarios............................................................................................ 226
Image-copying scenarios.................................................................................................. 228
Monitor AMI events ................................................................................................................ 230
AMI events.................................................................................................................... 230
Create Amazon EventBridge rules ..................................................................................... 232
Understand AMI billing........................................................................................................... 234
AMI billing fields............................................................................................................ 234
Find AMI billing information............................................................................................ 236
Verify AMI charges on your bill ........................................................................................ 237
Amazon Linux........................................................................................................................ 238
Amazon Linux availability ................................................................................................ 238
Connect to an Amazon Linux instance ............................................................................... 238
Identify Amazon Linux images ......................................................................................... 239
AWS command line tools ................................................................................................. 240
Package repository......................................................................................................... 241
Extras library (Amazon Linux 2) ........................................................................................ 243
Amazon Linux 2 supported kernels ................................................................................... 244
Access source packages for reference ................................................................................ 245
cloud-init....................................................................................................................... 245
Subscribe to Amazon Linux notifications ........................................................................... 247
Run Amazon Linux 2 on premises ..................................................................................... 248
Kernel Live Patching ....................................................................................................... 252
User provided kernels ............................................................................................................. 258
HVM AMIs (GRUB) .......................................................................................................... 258
Paravirtual AMIs (PV-GRUB) ............................................................................................. 259
Configure the MATE desktop connection ................................................................................... 263
Prerequisite.................................................................................................................... 264
Configure the RDP connection ......................................................................................... 264
AMI quotas............................................................................................................................ 266
Request a quota increase for AMIs .................................................................................... 266
Instances....................................................................................................................................... 268
Instances and AMIs ................................................................................................................. 268
Instances....................................................................................................................... 269
AMIs............................................................................................................................. 271
Instance types........................................................................................................................ 271
Instance type names ....................................................................................................... 271
Available instance types .................................................................................................. 272
Hardware specifications................................................................................................... 278
AMI virtualization types ................................................................................................... 279
Instances built on the Nitro System .................................................................................. 279
Networking and storage features ...................................................................................... 280
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Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
User Guide for Linux Instances
Instance limits................................................................................................................ 284
General purpose............................................................................................................. 284
Compute optimized ........................................................................................................ 335
Memory optimized .......................................................................................................... 348
Storage optimized.......................................................................................................... 367
Accelerated computing.................................................................................................... 378
Find an instance type ...................................................................................................... 417
Get recommendations..................................................................................................... 418
Change the instance type ................................................................................................ 422
Mac instances......................................................................................................................... 430
Considerations................................................................................................................ 430
Instance readiness.......................................................................................................... 431
Launch a Mac instance .................................................................................................... 431
Connect to your Mac instance .......................................................................................... 433
Modify macOS screen resolution on Mac instances .............................................................. 435
EC2 macOS AMIs ............................................................................................................ 435
Update the operating system and software ....................................................................... 436
EC2 macOS Init .............................................................................................................. 437
EC2 System Monitoring for macOS ................................................................................... 437
Increase the size of an EBS volume on your Mac instance .................................................... 437
Stop and terminate your Mac instance .............................................................................. 438
Subscribe to macOS AMI notifications ............................................................................... 438
Release the Dedicated Host for your Mac instance .............................................................. 439
Instance purchasing options ..................................................................................................... 439
Determine the instance lifecycle ....................................................................................... 440
On-Demand Instances..................................................................................................... 441
Reserved Instances......................................................................................................... 445
Scheduled Instances........................................................................................................ 489
Spot Instances................................................................................................................ 491
Dedicated Hosts............................................................................................................. 555
Dedicated Instances........................................................................................................ 591
On-Demand Capacity Reservations ................................................................................... 596
Instance lifecycle.................................................................................................................... 633
Instance launch.............................................................................................................. 635
Instance stop and start (Amazon EBS-backed instances only) ................................................ 635
Instance hibernate (Amazon EBS-backed instances only) ...................................................... 635
Instance reboot.............................................................................................................. 636
Instance retirement......................................................................................................... 636
Instance termination....................................................................................................... 636
Differences between reboot, stop, hibernate, and terminate ................................................. 637
Launch.......................................................................................................................... 638
Stop and start ................................................................................................................ 676
Hibernate...................................................................................................................... 682
Reboot.......................................................................................................................... 699
Retire............................................................................................................................ 700
Terminate...................................................................................................................... 703
Recover......................................................................................................................... 710
Connect................................................................................................................................. 714
Connect to your instance ................................................................................................. 714
Connect your instance to a resource ................................................................................. 742
Configure instances................................................................................................................. 781
Common configuration scenarios ...................................................................................... 781
Manage software............................................................................................................ 782
Manage users................................................................................................................. 787
Processor state control .................................................................................................... 790
I/O scheduler................................................................................................................. 797
Set the time.................................................................................................................. 798
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Optimize CPU options ..................................................................................................... 805
Change the hostname..................................................................................................... 834
Set up dynamic DNS....................................................................................................... 837
Run commands at launch ................................................................................................ 839
Instance metadata and user data ...................................................................................... 846
Elastic Inference..................................................................................................................... 902
Identify instances................................................................................................................... 902
Inspect the instance identity document ............................................................................. 902
Inspect the system UUID ................................................................................................. 902
Inspect the system virtual machine generation identifier ..................................................... 903
Fleets............................................................................................................................................ 908
EC2 Fleet............................................................................................................................... 908
EC2 Fleet limitations ....................................................................................................... 909
Burstable performance instances ...................................................................................... 909
EC2 Fleet request types ................................................................................................... 910
EC2 Fleet configuration strategies .................................................................................... 928
Work with EC2 Fleets ...................................................................................................... 952
Spot Fleet.............................................................................................................................. 970
Spot Fleet request types ................................................................................................. 970
Spot Fleet configuration strategies ................................................................................... 970
Work with Spot Fleets ..................................................................................................... 995
CloudWatch metrics for Spot Fleet .................................................................................. 1015
Automatic scaling for Spot Fleet..................................................................................... 1017
Monitor fleet events .............................................................................................................. 1023
EC2 Fleet event types................................................................................................... 1024
Spot Fleet event types.................................................................................................. 1028
Create EventBridge rules ................................................................................................ 1033
Tutorials.............................................................................................................................. 1039
Tutorial: Use EC2 Fleet with instance weighting ................................................................ 1040
Tutorial: Use EC2 Fleet with On-Demand as the primary capacity ........................................ 1042
Tutorial: Launch On-Demand Instances using targeted Capacity Reservations ........................ 1043
Tutorial: Use Spot Fleet with instance weighting ............................................................... 1048
Example configurations......................................................................................................... 1050
EC2 Fleet example configurations ................................................................................... 1050
Spot Fleet example configurations.................................................................................. 1065
Fleet quotas......................................................................................................................... 1077
Request a quota increase for target capacity .................................................................... 1078
Monitor....................................................................................................................................... 1079
Automated and manual monitoring........................................................................................ 1080
Automated monitoring tools.......................................................................................... 1080
Manual monitoring tools............................................................................................... 1081
Best practices for monitoring ................................................................................................. 1081
Monitor the status of your instances ....................................................................................... 1082
Instance status checks................................................................................................... 1082
State change events ...................................................................................................... 1089
Scheduled events.......................................................................................................... 1090
Monitor your instances using CloudWatch ................................................................................ 1113
Enable detailed monitoring............................................................................................ 1114
List available metrics..................................................................................................... 1116
Get statistics for metrics................................................................................................ 1128
Graph metrics.............................................................................................................. 1136
Create an alarm............................................................................................................ 1136
Create alarms that stop, terminate, reboot, or recover an instance ....................................... 1138
Automate using EventBridge .................................................................................................. 1149
Amazon EC2 event types ............................................................................................... 1149
Monitor memory and disk metrics .......................................................................................... 1150
Collect metrics using the CloudWatch agent ..................................................................... 1150
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Deprecated: Collect metrics using the CloudWatch monitoring scripts .................................. 1150
Log API calls with AWS CloudTrail .......................................................................................... 1158
Amazon EC2 and Amazon EBS information in CloudTrail .................................................... 1158
Understand Amazon EC2 and Amazon EBS log file entries .................................................. 1159
Audit users that connect via EC2 Instance Connect ............................................................ 1160
Networking .................................................................................................................................. 1162
Regions and Zones ................................................................................................................ 1162
Regions....................................................................................................................... 1163
Availability Zones.......................................................................................................... 1167
Local Zones.................................................................................................................. 1171
Wavelength Zones........................................................................................................ 1173
AWS Outposts.............................................................................................................. 1175
Instance IP addressing ........................................................................................................... 1176
Private IPv4 addresses................................................................................................... 1177
Public IPv4 addresses.................................................................................................... 1177
Elastic IP addresses (IPv4) .............................................................................................. 1178
IPv6 addresses.............................................................................................................. 1178
Work with the IPv4 addresses for your instances ............................................................... 1179
Work with the IPv6 addresses for your instances ............................................................... 1181
Multiple IP addresses.................................................................................................... 1183
EC2 instance hostnames ................................................................................................ 1191
Instance hostname types ....................................................................................................... 1192
Types of EC2 hostnames ................................................................................................ 1192
Where you see Resource name and IP name ..................................................................... 1193
How to decide whether to choose Resource name or IP name ............................................. 1194
Modify Hostname type and DNS Hostname configurations ................................................. 1195
Bring your own IP addresses .................................................................................................. 1196
BYOIP definitions.......................................................................................................... 1196
Requirements and quotas .............................................................................................. 1197
Onboarding prerequisites............................................................................................... 1197
Onboard your BYOIP ..................................................................................................... 1203
Work with your address range ........................................................................................ 1205
Validate your BYOIP ...................................................................................................... 1206
Learn more.................................................................................................................. 1209
Assigning prefixes................................................................................................................. 1209
Basics for assigning prefixes ........................................................................................... 1210
Considerations and limits for prefixes .............................................................................. 1210
Work with prefixes........................................................................................................ 1210
Elastic IP addresses ............................................................................................................... 1220
Elastic IP address pricing ............................................................................................... 1220
Elastic IP address basics ................................................................................................. 1221
Work with Elastic IP addresses....................................................................................... 1221
Elastic IP address limit .................................................................................................. 1232
Network interfaces................................................................................................................ 1233
Network interface basics ................................................................................................ 1234
Network cards.............................................................................................................. 1235
IP addresses per network interface per instance type ........................................................ 1236
Work with network interfaces ........................................................................................ 1257
Best practices for configuring network interfaces .............................................................. 1264
Scenarios for network interfaces ..................................................................................... 1266
Requester-managed network interfaces........................................................................... 1268
Network bandwidth.............................................................................................................. 1269
Available instance bandwidth......................................................................................... 1269
Monitor instance bandwidth........................................................................................... 1270
Enhanced networking ............................................................................................................ 1271
Enhanced networking support ........................................................................................ 1271
Enable enhanced networking on your instance................................................................. 1272
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Elastic Network Adapter (ENA) ....................................................................................... 1272
ENA Express................................................................................................................. 1281
Intel 82599 VF............................................................................................................. 1288
Operating system optimizations..................................................................................... 1293
Network performance metrics ........................................................................................ 1294
Troubleshoot ENA......................................................................................................... 1299
Elastic Fabric Adapter ............................................................................................................ 1307
EFA basics.................................................................................................................... 1308
Supported interfaces and libraries.................................................................................. 1309
Supported instance types .............................................................................................. 1309
Supported operating systems ......................................................................................... 1310
EFA limitations............................................................................................................. 1310
Get started with EFA and MPI ........................................................................................ 1311
Get started with EFA and NCCL...................................................................................... 1321
Work with EFA ............................................................................................................. 1348
Monitor an EFA ............................................................................................................ 1350
Verify the EFA installer using a checksum ........................................................................ 1351
Placement groups................................................................................................................. 1355
Placement group strategies ............................................................................................ 1355
Placement group rules and limitations ............................................................................ 1357
Working with placement groups..................................................................................... 1359
Share a placement group ............................................................................................... 1367
Placement groups on AWS Outposts ............................................................................... 1370
Network MTU....................................................................................................................... 1371
Jumbo frames (9001 MTU)............................................................................................ 1372
Path MTU Discovery ...................................................................................................... 1372
Check the path MTU between two hosts .......................................................................... 1373
Check and set the MTU on your Linux instance ................................................................. 1373
Troubleshoot................................................................................................................ 1374
Virtual private clouds ............................................................................................................ 1374
Your default VPCs......................................................................................................... 1374
Create additional VPCs .................................................................................................. 1375
Access the internet from your instances ........................................................................... 1376
SSH access to your instances .......................................................................................... 1376
EC2-Classic........................................................................................................................... 1376
Detect supported platforms ........................................................................................... 1377
Instance types available in EC2-Classic ............................................................................ 1377
Differences between instances in EC2-Classic and a VPC .................................................... 1378
Share and access resources between EC2-Classic and a VPC ................................................ 1381
ClassicLink................................................................................................................... 1382
Migrate from EC2-Classic to a VPC .................................................................................. 1393
Security....................................................................................................................................... 1400
Infrastructure security........................................................................................................... 1400
Network isolation......................................................................................................... 1401
Isolation on physical hosts ............................................................................................. 1401
Controlling network traffic ............................................................................................. 1401
Resilience............................................................................................................................. 1402
Data protection.................................................................................................................... 1402
Amazon EBS data security............................................................................................. 1403
Encryption at rest ......................................................................................................... 1403
Encryption in transit..................................................................................................... 1404
Identity and access management ............................................................................................ 1405
Network access to your instance ..................................................................................... 1406
Amazon EC2 permission attributes .................................................................................. 1406
IAM and Amazon EC2 .................................................................................................... 1406
IAM policies................................................................................................................. 1408
AWS managed policies.................................................................................................. 1462
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IAM roles..................................................................................................................... 1463
Network access............................................................................................................. 1474
Key pairs............................................................................................................................. 1478
Create key pairs............................................................................................................ 1478
Tag a public key........................................................................................................... 1483
Describe public keys...................................................................................................... 1485
Delete a public key ....................................................................................................... 1489
Add or remove a public key on your instance ................................................................... 1489
Verify keys................................................................................................................... 1491
Security groups.................................................................................................................... 1492
Security group rules ...................................................................................................... 1494
Connection tracking ...................................................................................................... 1495
Default and custom security groups ................................................................................ 1497
Work with security groups ............................................................................................. 1498
Security group rules for different use cases ...................................................................... 1508
AWS PrivateLink................................................................................................................... 1513
Create an interface VPC endpoint ................................................................................... 1513
Create an endpoint policy .............................................................................................. 1514
Update management............................................................................................................ 1515
Compliance validation........................................................................................................... 1515
NitroTPM............................................................................................................................. 1515
Considerations.............................................................................................................. 1516
Prerequisites................................................................................................................ 1516
Create a Linux AMI for NitroTPM support ......................................................................... 1517
Verify whether an AMI is enabled for NitroTPM ................................................................ 1517
Enable or stop using NitroTPM on an instance .................................................................. 1518
Storage....................................................................................................................................... 1520
Amazon EBS ........................................................................................................................ 1521
Features of Amazon EBS ................................................................................................ 1522
EBS volumes................................................................................................................ 1523
EBS snapshots.............................................................................................................. 1575
Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager ..................................................................................... 1660
EBS data services.......................................................................................................... 1709
EBS volumes and NVMe ................................................................................................ 1736
EBS optimization.......................................................................................................... 1741
EBS performance.......................................................................................................... 1772
EBS CloudWatch metrics ................................................................................................ 1787
EBS EventBridge events................................................................................................. 1794
EBS quotas.................................................................................................................. 1805
Instance store....................................................................................................................... 1805
Instance store lifetime ................................................................................................... 1806
Instance store volumes.................................................................................................. 1806
Add instance store volumes ........................................................................................... 1817
SSD instance store volumes ........................................................................................... 1821
Instance store swap volumes .......................................................................................... 1822
Optimize disk performance ............................................................................................ 1825
File storage.......................................................................................................................... 1825
Amazon S3.................................................................................................................. 1826
Amazon EFS................................................................................................................. 1827
Amazon FSx................................................................................................................. 1830
Instance volume limits ........................................................................................................... 1834
Nitro System volume limits ............................................................................................ 1835
Linux-specific volume limits ........................................................................................... 1835
Bandwidth versus capacity ............................................................................................. 1835
Root device volume .............................................................................................................. 1835
Root device storage concepts......................................................................................... 1836
Choose an AMI by root device type ................................................................................. 1837
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