Amazon EC2 Instances

691 Pages·2014·10.72 MB·English

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
User Guide
API Version 2014-02-01
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud User Guide
Amazon Web Services
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud User Guide
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud: User Guide
Amazon Web Services
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Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud User Guide
What Is Amazon EC2? ........................................................................................................................... 1
Instances and AMIs................................................................................................................................4
Regions and Availability Zones...............................................................................................................7
Root Device Volume ............................................................................................................................. 13
Setting Up.............................................................................................................................................19
Getting Started ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Step 1: Launch an Instance..................................................................................................................25
Step 2: Connect to Your Instance..........................................................................................................26
Step 3: Add a Volume...........................................................................................................................29
Step 4: Clean Up .................................................................................................................................. 32
Best Practices.......................................................................................................................................33
Tutorial: Installing a LAMP Web Server.................................................................................................34
Tutorial: Hosting a WordPress Blog......................................................................................................40
Amazon Machine Images..................................................................................................................... 48
AMI Types ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Finding a Suitable AMI..........................................................................................................................53
Shared AMIs.........................................................................................................................................54
Finding Shared AMIs...................................................................................................................54
Making an AMI Public..................................................................................................................57
Sharing an AMI with Specific AWS Accounts..............................................................................59
Using Bookmarks ........................................................................................................................ 60
Guidelines for Shared Linux AMIs...............................................................................................61
Paid AMIs ............................................................................................................................................. 64
Creating an Amazon EBS-Backed Linux AMI.......................................................................................69
Creating an Instance Store-Backed Linux AMI.....................................................................................72
Copying an AMI .................................................................................................................................... 80
Deregistering Your AMI.........................................................................................................................83
Amazon Linux....................................................................................................................................... 84
Using Your Own Linux Kernels..............................................................................................................91
Instances .............................................................................................................................................. 97
Instance Types......................................................................................................................................97
Micro Instances ........................................................................................................................... 99
I2 Instances...............................................................................................................................106
HI1 Instances ............................................................................................................................ 107
HS1 Instances...........................................................................................................................109
R3 Instances ............................................................................................................................. 110
GPU Instances .......................................................................................................................... 112
Amazon EBS-Optimized Instances ........................................................................................... 114
Placement Groups.....................................................................................................................115
Resizing Instances .................................................................................................................... 118
Spot Instances....................................................................................................................................121
Getting Started with Spot Instances..........................................................................................122
Viewing Spot Instance Pricing History.............................................................................125
Creating a Spot Instance Request...................................................................................127
Finding Running Spot Instances......................................................................................130
Canceling Spot Instance Requests..................................................................................132
Fundamentals of Spot Instances...............................................................................................134
Placing Spot Requests.....................................................................................................135
Spot Instance Limits............................................................................................... 135
Customizing Your Spot Requests ........................................................................... 136
Tracking Spot Requests with Bid Status Codes......................................................138
Tagging Spot Instance Requests.....................................................................................144
Understanding Spot Instance Provisioning, Pricing, and Interruption..............................145
Protecting Your Spot Instance Data Against Interruptions...............................................147
Planning for Interruptions ....................................................................................... 148
Persisting Your Root EBS Partition.........................................................................148
Walkthroughs: Using Spot Instances with AWS Services.........................................................149
Managing Spot Instances with Auto Scaling....................................................................149
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Tools for Managing Auto Scaling with Spot Instances............................................150
Launching Spot Instances with Auto Scaling..........................................................151
Obtaining Information About the Instances Launched by Auto Scaling..................154
Updating the Bid Price for the Spot Instances........................................................158
Scheduling Spot Bid Requests...............................................................................161
Using Auto Scaling to Get Notifications for Spot Instances....................................161
Using CloudFormation Templates to Launch Spot Instances..........................................164
Launching Amazon Elastic MapReduce Job Flows with Spot Instances.........................165
Launching Spot Instances in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud............................................165
Advanced Tasks ........................................................................................................................ 168
Subscribe to Your Spot Instance Data Feed....................................................................168
Programming Spot Instances the with AWS Java SDK...................................................171
Tutorial: Amazon EC2 Spot Instances....................................................................172
Tutorial: Advanced Amazon EC2 Spot Request Management...............................180
Starting Clusters on Spot Instances................................................................................196
Reserved Instances............................................................................................................................198
Getting Started with Reserved Instances..................................................................................199
Tools for Working with Reserved Instances.....................................................................202
Reserved Instance Fundamentals.............................................................................................204
Choosing Reserved Instances Based on Your Usage Plans............................................204
Understanding Reserved Instance Pricing Tiers..............................................................205
Understanding the Pricing Benefit of Reserved Instances..............................................210
Reserved Instances and Consolidated Billing........................................................212
Reserved Instance Marketplace ...................................................................................... 212
Buying Reserved Instances.......................................................................................................215
Becoming a Buyer............................................................................................................216
Purchasing Reserved Instances......................................................................................217
Reading Your Statement (Invoice)....................................................................................223
Obtaining Information About Your Reserved Instances.............................................................225
Modifying Your Reserved Instances.......................................................................................... 230
Changing the Instance Type of Your Reservations...........................................................233
Submitting Modification Requests....................................................................................236
Selling in the Reserved Instance Marketplace..........................................................................240
Registering as a Seller.....................................................................................................241
Selling Your Reserved Instances......................................................................................245
After Your Reserved Instance Is Sold...............................................................................264
Requirements Checklist for Reserved Instances.......................................................................266
Instance Metadata and User Data......................................................................................................268
Importing and Exporting Instances.....................................................................................................279
Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................. 280
Importing a VM into Amazon EC2.............................................................................................282
Step 1: Install the Amazon EC2 CLI.................................................................................283
Step 2: Prepare Your VM..................................................................................................283
Step 3: Export Your VM from Its Virtual Environment.......................................................284
Step 4: Importing Your VM into Amazon EC2...................................................................284
Checking on the Status of Your Import Task...........................................................286
Importing Your Volumes into Amazon EBS.............................................................288
Resuming an Upload..............................................................................................289
Canceling an Upload.............................................................................................. 290
Cleaning Up After an Upload..................................................................................290
Step 5: Launch the instance in Amazon EC2...................................................................291
Exporting Amazon EC2 Instances ............................................................................................ 291
Troubleshooting ......................................................................................................................... 292
Instance Lifecycle ............................................................................................................................... 297
Launch ................................................................................................................................................ 300
Launching an Instance..............................................................................................................300
Launching an Instance from a Backup......................................................................................305
Launching an AWS Marketplace Instance.................................................................................306
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Connect .............................................................................................................................................. 308
Connect Using SSH .................................................................................................................. 308
Connect Using PuTTY...............................................................................................................312
Connect Using MindTerm..........................................................................................................316
Connect Using RDP.................................................................................................................. 317
Stop and Start.....................................................................................................................................319
Reboot ................................................................................................................................................ 322
Retire .................................................................................................................................................. 322
Terminate............................................................................................................................................ 325
Configure Instances............................................................................................................................331
Managing Software.............................................................................................................................332
Updating Instance Software...................................................................................................... 332
Adding Repositories .................................................................................................................. 336
Finding Software Packages.......................................................................................................337
Installing Software Packages .................................................................................................... 338
Preparing to Compile Software................................................................................................. 339
Managing Users..................................................................................................................................340
Set the Time for an Instance...............................................................................................................341
Changing the Hostname.....................................................................................................................344
Using Dynamic DNS...........................................................................................................................347
Launching Instances with User Data..................................................................................................349
Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................... 353
Automated and Manual Monitoring.....................................................................................................354
Best Practices for Monitoring..............................................................................................................356
Monitoring the Status of Your Instances.............................................................................................356
Monitoring Instances with Status Checks..................................................................................356
Monitoring Events for Your Instances........................................................................................361
Monitoring Your Instances with CloudWatch.......................................................................................364
Enabling or Disabling Detailed Monitoring on an Amazon EC2 Instance..................................365
View Amazon EC2 Metrics........................................................................................................368
Get Statistics for Metrics ........................................................................................................... 373
Get Statistics for a Specific EC2 Instance.......................................................................374
Aggregating Statistics Across Instances..........................................................................378
Get Statistics Aggregated by Auto Scaling Group...........................................................383
Get Statistics Aggregated by Image (AMI) ID..................................................................385
Graphing Metrics.......................................................................................................................390
Graph a Metric................................................................................................................. 390
Graph a Metric Across Resources...................................................................................391
Create a CloudWatch Alarm......................................................................................................394
Send Email Based on CPU Usage Alarm........................................................................394
Send Email Based on Load Balancer Alarm....................................................................396
Send Email Based on Storage Throughput Alarm...........................................................399
Create Alarms That Stop or Terminate an Instance..................................................................401
Monitoring Scripts for Amazon EC2 Instances...................................................................................416
Amazon CloudWatch Monitoring Scripts for Linux....................................................................416
Amazon CloudWatch Monitoring Scripts for Windows..............................................................422
Network and Security ......................................................................................................................... 432
Key Pairs.............................................................................................................................................433
Security Groups..................................................................................................................................440
Controlling Access..............................................................................................................................448
IAM Policies...............................................................................................................................450
Supported Resources and Conditions.............................................................................456
Example Policies..............................................................................................................463
IAM Roles..................................................................................................................................477
Network Access.........................................................................................................................483
Amazon VPC ...................................................................................................................................... 485
Supported Platforms ................................................................................................................. 487
Instance IP Addressing.......................................................................................................................489
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Multiple Private IP Addresses ................................................................................................... 494
Elastic IP Addresses...........................................................................................................................498
Elastic Network Interfaces .................................................................................................................. 503
Enhanced Networking ........................................................................................................................ 516
Storage ............................................................................................................................................... 521
Amazon EBS ...................................................................................................................................... 523
EBS Volumes.............................................................................................................................524
EBS Volume Types...........................................................................................................525
Creating a Volume............................................................................................................526
Restoring from a Snapshot..............................................................................................528
Attaching a Volume to an Instance...................................................................................529
Making a Volume Available for Use..................................................................................532
Volume Information .......................................................................................................... 536
Monitoring the Status of Your Volumes.............................................................................536
Detaching a Volume from an Instance.............................................................................546
Deleting a Volume............................................................................................................547
Expanding a Volume ........................................................................................................ 548
Expanding a Linux Partition.............................................................................................554
EBS Snapshots ......................................................................................................................... 559
Creating a Snapshot........................................................................................................ 559
Deleting a Snapshot.........................................................................................................560
Copying a Snapshot.........................................................................................................561
Snapshot Information.......................................................................................................562
Sharing Snapshots .......................................................................................................... 563
EBS Performance......................................................................................................................564
EC2 Configuration............................................................................................................565
I/O Characteristics ........................................................................................................... 566
Workload Demand ........................................................................................................... 567
Pre-Warm Volumes .......................................................................................................... 568
RAID Configuration.......................................................................................................... 572
Benchmark Volumes ........................................................................................................ 577
API and Command Overview....................................................................................................580
Instance Store.....................................................................................................................................582
Amazon S3 ......................................................................................................................................... 590
Block Device Mapping ........................................................................................................................ 592
Using Public Data Sets.......................................................................................................................603
Resources and Tags........................................................................................................................... 606
Resource Locations............................................................................................................................606
Listing and Filtering Your Resources.................................................................................................. 607
Tagging Your Resources..................................................................................................................... 610
Usage Reports....................................................................................................................................618
Instance Usage ......................................................................................................................... 620
Reserved Instance Utilization....................................................................................................624
Troubleshooting .................................................................................................................................. 630
Launching Your Instance.....................................................................................................................630
Connecting to Your Instance...............................................................................................................631
Stopping Your Instance....................................................................................................................... 636
Terminating Your Instance...................................................................................................................637
Failed Status Checks..........................................................................................................................638
Instance Capacity ............................................................................................................................... 661
General ............................................................................................................................................... 662
Making API Requests.........................................................................................................................664
Query Requests..................................................................................................................................665
Troubleshooting API Request Errors .................................................................................................. 668
Ensuring Idempotency........................................................................................................................670
SOAP Requests..................................................................................................................................672
Document History............................................................................................................................... 673
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Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud User Guide
Features of Amazon EC2
What Is Amazon EC2?
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) provides resizable computing capacity in the Amazon
Web Services (AWS) cloud. Using Amazon EC2 eliminates your need to invest in hardware up front, so
you can develop and deploy applications faster.You can use Amazon EC2 to launch as many or as few
virtual servers as you need, configure security and networking, and manage storage. Amazon EC2 enables
you to scale up or down to handle changes in requirements or spikes in popularity, reducing your need
to forecast traffic.
Features of Amazon EC2
Amazon EC2 provides the following features:
• Virtual computing environments, known as instances
• Pre-configured templates for your instances, known as Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), that package
the bits you need for your server (including the operating system and additional software)
• Various configurations of CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacity for your instances, known
as instance types
• Secure login information for your instances using key pairs (AWS stores the public key, and you store
the private key in a secure place)
• Storage volumes for temporary data that's deleted when you stop or terminate your instance, known
as instance store volumes
• Persistent storage volumes for your data using Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS), known as
Amazon EBS volumes
• Multiple physical locations for your resources, such as instances and Amazon EBS volumes, known
as regions and Availability Zones
• A firewall that enables you to specify the protocols, ports, and source IP ranges that can reach your
instances using security groups
• Static IP addresses for dynamic cloud computing, known as Elastic IP addresses
• Metadata, known as tags, that you can create and assign to your Amazon EC2 resources
• Virtual networks you can create that are logically isolated from the rest of the AWS cloud, and that you
can optionally connect to your own network, known as virtual private clouds (VPCs)
For more information about the features of Amazon EC2, see the Amazon EC2 product page.
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How to Get Started with Amazon EC2
How to Get Started with Amazon EC2
The first thing you need to do is get set up to use Amazon EC2. After you are set up, you are ready to
complete the Getting Started tutorial for Amazon EC2.Whenever you need more information about a
feature of Amazon EC2, you can read the technical documentation.
Getting Started
• Setting Up with Amazon EC2 (p.19)
• Getting Started with Amazon EC2 Linux Instances (p.24)
• Getting Started with Amazon EC2 Windows Instances
Basics
• Instances and AMIs (p.4)
• Instance Types (p.97)
• Regions and Availability Zones (p.7)
• Tags (p.610)
Networking and Security
• Amazon EC2 Key Pairs (p.433)
• Security Groups (p.440)
• Elastic IP Addresses (EIP) (p.498)
• Amazon EC2 and Amazon VPC (p.485)
Storage
• Amazon EBS (p.523)
• Instance Store (p.582)
If you have questions about whether AWS is right for you, Contact AWS Sales. If you have technical
questions about Amazon EC2, use the Amazon EC2 forum.
Related Services
You can provision Amazon EC2 resources, such as instances and volumes, directly using Amazon EC2.
You can also provision Amazon EC2 resources using other services in AWS. For more information, see
the following documentation:
• Auto Scaling Developer Guide
• AWS CloudFormation User Guide
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk Developer Guide
• AWS OpsWorks User Guide
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Accessing Amazon EC2
To automatically distribute incoming application traffic across multiple instances, use Elastic Load
Balancing. For more information, see Elastic Load Balancing Developer Guide.
To monitor basic statistics for your instances and Amazon EBS volumes, use Amazon CloudWatch. For
more information, see Monitoring Your Instances with CloudWatch (p.364).
To monitor the calls made to the Amazon EC2 API for your account, including calls made by the AWS
Management Console, command line tools, and other services, use AWS CloudTrail. For more information,
see the AWS CloudTrail User Guide.
To get a managed relational database in the cloud, use Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon
RDS) to launch a database instance. Although you can set up a database on an EC2 instance, Amazon
RDS offers the advantage of handling your database management tasks, such as patching the software,
backing up, and storing the backups. For more information, see Amazon Relational Database Service
Developer Guide.
Accessing Amazon EC2
Amazon EC2 provides a web-based user interface, the Amazon EC2 console. If you've signed up for an
AWS account, you can access the Amazon EC2 console by signing into the AWS Management Console
and selecting EC2 from the console home page.
If you prefer to use a command line interface, you have several options:
AWS Command Line Interface (CLI)
Provides commands for a broad set of AWS products, and is supported on Windows, Mac, and
Linux/Unix.To get started, see AWS Command Line Interface User Guide. For more information
about the commands for Amazon EC2, see ec2.
Amazon EC2 Command Line Interface (CLI) Tools
Provides commands for Amazon EC2, Amazon EBS, and Amazon VPC, and is supported on Windows,
Mac, and Linux/Unix.To get started, see Setting Up the Amazon EC2 Command Line Interface Tools
on Linux and Commands (CLI Tools) in the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud Command Line Reference.
AWS Tools for Windows PowerShell
Provides commands for a broad set of AWS products for those who script in the PowerShell
environment.To get started, see AWS Tools for Windows PowerShell User Guide.
Amazon EC2 provides a Query API.These requests are HTTP or HTTPS requests that use the HTTP
verbs GET or POST and a Query parameter named Action. For more information about the API actions
for Amazon EC2, see Actions in the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud API Reference.
If you prefer to build applications using language-specific APIs instead of submitting a request over HTTP
or HTTPS, AWS provides libraries, sample code, tutorials, and other resources for software developers.
These libraries provide basic functions that automatically take care of tasks such as cryptographically
signing your requests, retrying requests, and handling error responses, so that it is easier for you to get
started. For more information about downloading the AWS SDKs, see AWS SDKs and Tools. For a list
of available APIs for Amazon EC2, see Available APIs for Amazon EC2 (p.664).
Pricing for Amazon EC2
When you sign up for AWS, you can get started with Amazon EC2 for free using the AWS Free Usage
Tier.
Amazon EC2 provides the following purchasing options for instances:
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