Amazon Aurora - User Guide

642 Pages·2017·9.56 MB·English

Amazon Aurora
User Guide for Aurora
Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora
Amazon Aurora: User Guide for Aurora
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Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora
Table of Contents
What is Aurora? ................................................................................................................................. 1
Aurora DB clusters ..................................................................................................................... 3
Aurora versions.......................................................................................................................... 5
Relational databases that are available on Aurora .................................................................. 5
Differences in version numbers between community databases and Aurora ................................ 5
Amazon Aurora major versions ............................................................................................ 6
Amazon Aurora minor versions............................................................................................ 7
Amazon Aurora patch versions............................................................................................. 7
Learning what's new in each Amazon Aurora version .............................................................. 7
Specifying the Amazon Aurora database version for your database cluster ................................. 7
Default Amazon Aurora versions .......................................................................................... 8
Automatic minor version upgrades ....................................................................................... 8
How long Amazon Aurora major versions remain available ...................................................... 8
How often Amazon Aurora minor versions are released ........................................................... 9
How long Amazon Aurora minor versions remain available ...................................................... 9
Long-term support for selected Amazon Aurora minor versions ............................................... 9
Manually controlling if and when your database cluster is upgraded to new versions ................. 10
Required Amazon Aurora upgrades ..................................................................................... 10
Testing your DB cluster with a new Aurora version before upgrading ....................................... 10
Regions and Availability Zones ................................................................................................... 11
AWS Regions................................................................................................................... 11
Availability Zones............................................................................................................. 16
Local time zone for DB clusters .......................................................................................... 16
Supported Aurora features by Region and engine ......................................................................... 20
Table conventions............................................................................................................. 20
Blue/Green Deployments................................................................................................... 20
Database activity streams in Aurora .................................................................................... 21
Exporting cluster data to Amazon S3 .................................................................................. 24
Exporting snapshot data to Amazon S3 .............................................................................. 25
Aurora global databases .................................................................................................... 26
IAM database authentication in Aurora ............................................................................... 29
Kerberos authentication with Aurora ................................................................................... 30
Aurora machine learning ................................................................................................... 32
Performance Insights with Aurora ...................................................................................... 35
Amazon RDS Proxy ........................................................................................................... 40
Aurora Serverless v2 ......................................................................................................... 43
Aurora Serverless v1 ......................................................................................................... 45
Data API for Aurora Serverless v1 ...................................................................................... 48
Engine-native features...................................................................................................... 50
Aurora connection management................................................................................................ 51
Types of Aurora endpoints ................................................................................................ 51
Viewing endpoints............................................................................................................ 53
Using the cluster endpoint................................................................................................ 53
Using the reader endpoint ................................................................................................. 54
Using custom endpoints.................................................................................................... 54
Creating a custom endpoint .............................................................................................. 56
Viewing custom endpoints................................................................................................. 58
Editing a custom endpoint ................................................................................................ 63
Deleting a custom endpoint.............................................................................................. 65
End-to-end AWS CLI example for custom endpoints ............................................................. 66
Using the instance endpoints ............................................................................................. 70
Endpoints and high availability .......................................................................................... 70
DB instance classes................................................................................................................... 72
DB instance class types ..................................................................................................... 72
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Supported DB engines ...................................................................................................... 73
Determining DB instance class support in AWS Regions ......................................................... 77
Hardware specifications..................................................................................................... 80
Aurora storage and reliability..................................................................................................... 82
Overview of Aurora storage ............................................................................................... 83
Cluster volume contents .................................................................................................... 83
How storage resizes .......................................................................................................... 83
Data billing...................................................................................................................... 84
Reliability........................................................................................................................ 84
Aurora security......................................................................................................................... 86
Using SSL with Aurora DB clusters ...................................................................................... 86
High availability for Amazon Aurora ........................................................................................... 87
High availability for Aurora data ........................................................................................ 87
High availability for Aurora DB instances ............................................................................. 87
High availability across AWS Regions with Aurora global databases ......................................... 88
Fault tolerance................................................................................................................. 88
High availability with Amazon RDS Proxy ............................................................................ 89
Replication with Aurora............................................................................................................. 89
Aurora Replicas................................................................................................................ 89
Aurora MySQL.................................................................................................................. 90
Aurora PostgreSQL........................................................................................................... 91
DB instance billing for Aurora .................................................................................................... 91
On-Demand DB instances .................................................................................................. 93
Reserved DB instances ...................................................................................................... 94
Setting up your environment ........................................................................................................... 102
Sign up for an AWS account .................................................................................................... 102
Create an administrative user ................................................................................................... 102
Create IAM user access keys ..................................................................................................... 103
Determine requirements.......................................................................................................... 104
Provide access to the DB cluster ............................................................................................... 105
Getting started ............................................................................................................................... 107
Creating an Aurora MySQL DB cluster and connecting to it .......................................................... 107
Create an Aurora MySQL DB cluster .................................................................................. 107
Connect to an instance in a DB cluster .............................................................................. 111
Delete the sample DB cluster, DB subnet group, and VPC ..................................................... 114
Creating an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster and connecting to it .................................................... 114
Create an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster ............................................................................ 115
Connect to an instance in an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster ................................................. 118
Delete the sample DB cluster, DB subnet group, and VPC ..................................................... 120
Tutorial: Create a web server and an Amazon Aurora DB cluster .................................................... 121
Launch an EC2 instance ................................................................................................... 122
Create a DB cluster ......................................................................................................... 126
Install a web server ........................................................................................................ 130
Tutorials and sample code ............................................................................................................... 136
Tutorials in this guide ............................................................................................................. 136
Tutorials in other AWS guides .................................................................................................. 136
Tutorials and sample code in GitHub ......................................................................................... 137
Configuring your Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................................... 139
Creating a DB cluster .............................................................................................................. 140
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 140
Creating a DB cluster ...................................................................................................... 144
Available settings........................................................................................................... 150
Settings that don't apply to Aurora for DB clusters ............................................................. 160
Settings that don't apply to Aurora DB instances ................................................................ 161
Creating resources with AWS CloudFormation ............................................................................ 163
Aurora and AWS CloudFormation templates ....................................................................... 163
Learn more about AWS CloudFormation ............................................................................ 163
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Using Aurora global databases ................................................................................................. 164
Overview of Aurora global databases ................................................................................ 164
Advantages of Amazon Aurora global databases ................................................................. 165
Region and version availability ......................................................................................... 165
Limitations of Aurora global databases ............................................................................. 165
Getting started with Aurora global databases .................................................................... 167
Managing an Aurora global database ................................................................................ 188
Connecting to an Aurora global database .......................................................................... 193
Using write forwarding in an Aurora global database .......................................................... 194
Using failover in an Aurora global database ....................................................................... 205
Monitoring an Aurora global database .............................................................................. 215
Using Aurora global databases with other AWS services ....................................................... 218
Upgrading an Amazon Aurora global database ................................................................... 219
Connecting to a DB cluster ...................................................................................................... 221
Connecting to Aurora MySQL ........................................................................................... 221
Connecting to Aurora PostgreSQL .................................................................................... 226
Troubleshooting connections............................................................................................ 228
Working with parameter groups ............................................................................................... 229
Working with DB cluster parameter groups ........................................................................ 231
Working with DB parameter groups .................................................................................. 242
Comparing parameter groups ........................................................................................... 253
Specifying DB parameters ................................................................................................ 253
Migrating data to a DB cluster................................................................................................. 257
Aurora MySQL................................................................................................................ 257
Aurora PostgreSQL......................................................................................................... 257
Managing an Aurora DB cluster ........................................................................................................ 258
Stopping and starting a cluster ................................................................................................ 259
Overview of stopping and starting a cluster ....................................................................... 259
Limitations..................................................................................................................... 259
Stopping a DB cluster..................................................................................................... 260
While a DB cluster is stopped.......................................................................................... 261
Starting a DB cluster ....................................................................................................... 261
Connecting an EC2 instance ..................................................................................................... 263
Overview....................................................................................................................... 263
Connecting an EC2 instance ............................................................................................. 266
Viewing connecting compute resources ............................................................................. 268
Modifying an Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................................ 269
Modifying the DB cluster by using the console, CLI, and API ................................................. 269
Modifying a DB instance in a DB cluster ............................................................................ 270
Available settings........................................................................................................... 272
Settings that don't apply to Aurora DB clusters .................................................................. 290
Settings that don't apply to Aurora DB instances ................................................................ 291
Adding Aurora Replicas ........................................................................................................... 292
Managing performance and scaling .......................................................................................... 296
Storage scaling............................................................................................................... 296
Instance scaling .............................................................................................................. 300
Read scaling.................................................................................................................. 300
Managing connections..................................................................................................... 300
Managing query execution plans ...................................................................................... 301
Cloning a volume for an Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................ 302
Overview of Aurora cloning ............................................................................................. 302
Limitations of Aurora cloning ........................................................................................... 303
How Aurora cloning works ............................................................................................... 303
Creating an Aurora clone ................................................................................................. 306
Cross-account cloning..................................................................................................... 315
Integrating with AWS services .................................................................................................. 326
Aurora MySQL................................................................................................................ 326
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Aurora PostgreSQL......................................................................................................... 326
Using Auto Scaling with Aurora replicas ............................................................................ 327
Using machine learning with Aurora ................................................................................. 342
Maintaining an Aurora DB cluster ............................................................................................. 343
Viewing pending maintenance .......................................................................................... 343
Applying updates........................................................................................................... 345
The maintenance window ................................................................................................ 346
Adjusting the maintenance window for a DB cluster ............................................................ 348
Automatic minor version upgrades for Aurora DB clusters ................................................... 349
Choosing the frequency of Aurora MySQL maintenance updates .......................................... 349
Working with operating system updates ............................................................................ 350
Rebooting an Aurora DB cluster or instance ............................................................................... 353
Rebooting a DB instance within an Aurora cluster ............................................................... 353
Rebooting an Aurora cluster (Aurora PostgreSQL and Aurora MySQL before version 2.10) ......... 354
Rebooting an Aurora MySQL cluster (version 2.10 and higher) .............................................. 354
Checking uptime for Aurora clusters and instances ............................................................. 355
Examples of Aurora reboot operations .............................................................................. 357
Deleting Aurora clusters and instances ...................................................................................... 369
Deleting an Aurora DB cluster .......................................................................................... 369
Deletion protection for Aurora clusters .............................................................................. 373
Deleting a stopped Aurora cluster .................................................................................... 374
Deleting Aurora MySQL clusters that are read replicas ......................................................... 374
The final snapshot when deleting a cluster........................................................................ 374
Deleting a DB instance from an Aurora DB cluster .............................................................. 374
Tagging RDS resources ............................................................................................................ 376
Overview....................................................................................................................... 376
Using tags for access control with IAM .............................................................................. 377
Using tags to produce detailed billing reports .................................................................... 377
Adding, listing, and removing tags .................................................................................... 378
Using the AWS Tag Editor ............................................................................................... 380
Copying tags to DB cluster snapshots ............................................................................... 380
Tutorial: Use tags to specify which Aurora DB clusters to stop .............................................. 381
Working with ARNs ................................................................................................................. 384
Constructing an ARN ....................................................................................................... 384
Getting an existing ARN .................................................................................................. 388
Aurora updates...................................................................................................................... 392
Identifying your Amazon Aurora version ............................................................................ 392
Using Blue/Green Deployments for database updates ......................................................................... 393
Overview of Amazon RDS Blue/Green Deployments .................................................................... 394
Benefits......................................................................................................................... 394
Workflow....................................................................................................................... 395
Authorizing access.......................................................................................................... 399
Considerations................................................................................................................ 400
Best practices................................................................................................................. 401
Region and version availability ......................................................................................... 401
Limitations..................................................................................................................... 401
Creating a blue/green deployment ........................................................................................... 401
Preparing an Aurora DB cluster ........................................................................................ 402
Making changes in the green environment ......................................................................... 402
Creating the blue/green deployment ................................................................................ 403
Viewing a blue/green deployment ............................................................................................ 405
Switching a blue/green deployment ......................................................................................... 408
Switchover timeout......................................................................................................... 408
Switchover guardrails...................................................................................................... 408
Switchover actions.......................................................................................................... 409
Switchover best practices ................................................................................................ 410
Switching over a blue/green deployment .......................................................................... 410
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After switchover............................................................................................................. 412
Deleting a blue/green deployment ........................................................................................... 412
Backing up and restoring an Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................... 415
Overview of backing up and restoring ....................................................................................... 416
Backups......................................................................................................................... 416
Backup window.............................................................................................................. 416
Restoring data............................................................................................................... 418
Backtrack....................................................................................................................... 418
Backup storage...................................................................................................................... 419
CloudWatch metrics........................................................................................................ 419
Other considerations....................................................................................................... 420
Creating a DB cluster snapshot ................................................................................................ 422
Determining whether the snapshot is available ................................................................... 423
Restoring from a DB cluster snapshot ....................................................................................... 424
Parameter groups........................................................................................................... 424
Security groups.............................................................................................................. 424
Aurora considerations..................................................................................................... 424
Restoring from a snapshot ............................................................................................... 425
Copying a DB cluster snapshot ................................................................................................. 427
Limitations..................................................................................................................... 427
Snapshot retention......................................................................................................... 427
Copying shared snapshots ............................................................................................... 428
Handling encryption....................................................................................................... 428
Incremental snapshot copying .......................................................................................... 428
Cross-Region copying...................................................................................................... 428
Parameter groups........................................................................................................... 429
Copying a DB cluster snapshot ......................................................................................... 429
Sharing a DB cluster snapshot.................................................................................................. 437
Sharing public snapshots................................................................................................. 437
Sharing encrypted snapshots ........................................................................................... 438
Sharing a snapshot......................................................................................................... 440
Exporting DB cluster data to Amazon S3 ................................................................................... 445
Limitations..................................................................................................................... 445
Overview of exporting DB cluster data .............................................................................. 446
Setting up access to an S3 bucket .................................................................................... 447
Exporting DB cluster data to S3 ....................................................................................... 449
Monitoring DB cluster exports .......................................................................................... 451
Canceling a DB cluster export .......................................................................................... 453
Failure messages............................................................................................................ 454
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL permissions errors ................................................................. 455
File naming convention ................................................................................................... 455
Data conversion............................................................................................................ 455
Exporting DB cluster snapshot data to Amazon S3 ...................................................................... 456
Limitations..................................................................................................................... 456
Overview of exporting snapshot data ................................................................................ 457
Setting up access to an S3 bucket .................................................................................... 458
Using a cross-account KMS key ........................................................................................ 460
Exporting a snapshot to an S3 bucket ............................................................................... 461
Monitoring snapshot exports ........................................................................................... 464
Canceling a snapshot export ............................................................................................ 465
Failure messages............................................................................................................ 466
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL permissions errors ................................................................. 467
File naming convention ................................................................................................... 467
Data conversion............................................................................................................ 468
Point-in-time recovery............................................................................................................. 474
Deleting a DB cluster snapshot................................................................................................ 476
Deleting a DB cluster snapshot........................................................................................ 476
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Tutorial: Restore a DB cluster from a snapshot ........................................................................... 478
Restoring a DB cluster using the console ........................................................................... 478
Restoring a DB cluster using the AWS CLI .......................................................................... 481
Monitoring metrics in an Aurora DB cluster ........................................................................................ 486
Overview of monitoring .......................................................................................................... 487
Monitoring plan............................................................................................................. 487
Performance baseline...................................................................................................... 487
Performance guidelines................................................................................................... 487
Monitoring tools............................................................................................................. 488
Viewing cluster status and recommendations ............................................................................. 491
Viewing a DB cluster....................................................................................................... 492
Viewing DB cluster status................................................................................................ 497
Viewing DB instance status in an Aurora cluster ................................................................. 500
Viewing Amazon Aurora recommendations........................................................................ 504
Viewing metrics in the Amazon RDS console .............................................................................. 509
Monitoring Aurora with CloudWatch ......................................................................................... 512
Overview of Amazon Aurora and Amazon CloudWatch ........................................................ 513
Viewing CloudWatch metrics ............................................................................................ 514
Creating CloudWatch alarms ............................................................................................ 519
Monitoring DB load with Performance Insights ........................................................................... 521
Overview of Performance Insights .................................................................................... 521
Turning Performance Insights on and off ........................................................................... 526
Turning on the Performance Schema for Aurora MySQL ...................................................... 529
Performance Insights policies ........................................................................................... 533
Analyzing metrics with the Performance Insights dashboard ................................................ 536
Retrieving metrics with the Performance Insights API .......................................................... 556
Logging Performance Insights calls using AWS CloudTrail .................................................... 570
Analyzing performance with DevOps Guru for RDS ..................................................................... 572
Benefits of DevOps Guru for RDS ..................................................................................... 572
How DevOps Guru for RDS works ..................................................................................... 573
Setting up DevOps Guru for RDS ...................................................................................... 573
Monitoring threats with GuardDuty RDS Protection .................................................................... 579
Monitoring the OS with Enhanced Monitoring ............................................................................ 580
Overview of Enhanced Monitoring .................................................................................... 580
Setting up and enabling Enhanced Monitoring ................................................................... 581
Viewing OS metrics in the RDS console ............................................................................. 585
Viewing OS metrics using CloudWatch Logs ....................................................................... 586
Aurora metrics reference ......................................................................................................... 587
CloudWatch metrics for Aurora ........................................................................................ 587
CloudWatch dimensions for Aurora................................................................................... 604
Availability of Aurora metrics in the Amazon RDS console .................................................... 605
CloudWatch metrics for Performance Insights .................................................................... 607
Counter metrics for Performance Insights .......................................................................... 609
SQL statistics for Performance Insights ............................................................................. 617
OS metrics in Enhanced Monitoring .................................................................................. 621
Monitoring events, logs, and database activity streams ....................................................................... 627
Viewing logs, events, and streams in the Amazon RDS console ..................................................... 627
Monitoring Aurora events........................................................................................................ 632
Overview of events for Aurora......................................................................................... 632
Viewing Amazon RDS events ............................................................................................ 634
Working with Amazon RDS event notification .................................................................... 637
Creating a rule that triggers on an Amazon Aurora event ..................................................... 652
Amazon RDS event categories and event messages ............................................................. 655
Monitoring Aurora logs........................................................................................................... 664
Viewing and listing database log files............................................................................... 664
Downloading a database log file ...................................................................................... 665
Watching a database log file ............................................................................................ 666
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Publishing to CloudWatch Logs ........................................................................................ 668
Reading log file contents using REST ................................................................................ 669
MySQL database log files ................................................................................................ 671
PostgreSQL database log files .......................................................................................... 677
Monitoring Aurora API calls in CloudTrail ................................................................................... 683
CloudTrail integration with Amazon Aurora........................................................................ 683
Amazon Aurora log file entries......................................................................................... 683
Monitoring Aurora with Database Activity Streams ..................................................................... 687
Overview....................................................................................................................... 687
Aurora MySQL network prerequisites ................................................................................ 690
Starting a database activity stream ................................................................................... 691
Getting the activity stream status ..................................................................................... 692
Stopping a database activity stream ................................................................................. 693
Monitoring activity streams ............................................................................................. 694
Managing access to activity streams .................................................................................. 716
Working with Aurora MySQL ............................................................................................................ 719
Overview of Aurora MySQL ...................................................................................................... 719
Amazon Aurora MySQL performance enhancements ........................................................... 719
Aurora MySQL and spatial data ........................................................................................ 720
Aurora MySQL version 3 compatible with MySQL 8.0 .......................................................... 721
Aurora MySQL version 2 compatible with MySQL 5.7 .......................................................... 748
Security with Aurora MySQL .................................................................................................... 749
Master user privileges with Aurora MySQL ......................................................................... 750
Using SSL/TLS with Aurora MySQL DB clusters .................................................................. 750
Updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates ..................................................................... 754
Determining whether any applications are connecting to your Aurora MySQL DB cluster using
SSL............................................................................................................................... 755
Determining whether a client requires certificate verification to connect ................................ 755
Updating your application trust store ................................................................................ 756
Example Java code for establishing SSL connections ........................................................... 757
Migrating data to Aurora MySQL .............................................................................................. 757
Migrating from an external MySQL database to Aurora MySQL ............................................. 759
Migrating from a MySQL DB instance to Aurora MySQL ....................................................... 773
Managing Aurora MySQL ......................................................................................................... 788
Managing performance and scaling for Amazon Aurora MySQL ............................................ 788
Backtracking a DB cluster ................................................................................................ 793
Testing Amazon Aurora MySQL using fault injection queries ................................................. 808
Altering tables in Amazon Aurora using fast DDL ................................................................ 811
Displaying volume status for an Aurora DB cluster .............................................................. 816
Tuning Aurora MySQL with wait events and thread states ............................................................ 816
Essential concepts for Aurora MySQL tuning ...................................................................... 817
Tuning Aurora MySQL with wait events ............................................................................. 819
Tuning Aurora MySQL with thread states ........................................................................... 855
Parallel query for Aurora MySQL .............................................................................................. 860
Overview of parallel query .............................................................................................. 861
Planning for a parallel query cluster ................................................................................. 864
Creating a parallel query cluster ....................................................................................... 865
Turning parallel query on and off ..................................................................................... 869
Upgrading a parallel query cluster .................................................................................... 872
Performance tuning........................................................................................................ 873
Creating schema objects .................................................................................................. 873
Verifying parallel query usage .......................................................................................... 874
Monitoring..................................................................................................................... 876
Parallel query and SQL constructs .................................................................................... 880
Advanced Auditing with Aurora MySQL ..................................................................................... 893
Enabling Advanced Auditing ............................................................................................ 894
Viewing audit logs.......................................................................................................... 896
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Audit log details............................................................................................................. 896
Replication with Aurora MySQL ................................................................................................ 897
Aurora Replicas.............................................................................................................. 897
Replication options......................................................................................................... 898
Replication performance.................................................................................................. 899
Zero-downtime restart (ZDR) ............................................................................................ 899
Monitoring replication..................................................................................................... 901
Cross-Region replication.................................................................................................. 901
Using binary log (binlog) replication ................................................................................. 911
Using GTID-based replication ........................................................................................... 933
Working with multi-master clusters .......................................................................................... 937
Overview of multi-master clusters .................................................................................... 937
Creating a multi-master cluster ........................................................................................ 943
Managing multi-master clusters....................................................................................... 945
Application considerations............................................................................................... 948
Performance considerations............................................................................................. 957
Approaches to multi-master clusters ................................................................................. 959
Integrating Aurora MySQL with AWS services ............................................................................. 961
Authorizing Aurora MySQL to access AWS services .............................................................. 961
Loading data from text files in Amazon S3 ........................................................................ 973
Saving data into text files in Amazon S3 ........................................................................... 981
Invoking a Lambda function from Aurora MySQL ................................................................ 988
Publishing Aurora MySQL logs to CloudWatch Logs ............................................................ 995
Using Aurora machine learning with Aurora MySQL ............................................................ 998
Aurora MySQL lab mode ........................................................................................................ 1012
Aurora lab mode features .............................................................................................. 1012
Best practices with Amazon Aurora MySQL .............................................................................. 1013
Determining which DB instance you are connected to ........................................................ 1013
Best practices for Aurora MySQL performance and scaling ................................................. 1014
Best practices for Aurora MySQL high availability .............................................................. 1020
Recommendations for MySQL features............................................................................ 1021
Aurora MySQL reference ........................................................................................................ 1023
Configuration parameters.............................................................................................. 1023
MySQL parameters that don't apply to Aurora MySQL ....................................................... 1043
MySQL status variables that don't apply to Aurora MySQL ................................................. 1044
Aurora MySQL wait events ............................................................................................. 1046
Aurora MySQL thread states .......................................................................................... 1049
Aurora MySQL isolation levels........................................................................................ 1053
Aurora MySQL hints ...................................................................................................... 1056
Aurora MySQL stored procedures.................................................................................... 1058
Aurora MySQL information_schema tables....................................................................... 1065
Aurora MySQL updates .......................................................................................................... 1065
Version Numbers and Special Versions............................................................................. 1066
Preparing for Aurora MySQL version 1 end of life ............................................................. 1069
Upgrading Amazon Aurora MySQL DB clusters ................................................................. 1071
Database engine updates for Amazon Aurora MySQL version 3 ........................................... 1093
Database engine updates for Amazon Aurora MySQL version 2 ........................................... 1093
Database engine updates for Amazon Aurora MySQL version 1 ........................................... 1093
Database engine updates for Aurora MySQL Serverless clusters .......................................... 1093
MySQL bugs fixed by Aurora MySQL database engine updates ............................................ 1093
Security vulnerabilities fixed in Amazon Aurora MySQL ...................................................... 1093
Working with Aurora PostgreSQL .................................................................................................... 1094
Security with Aurora PostgreSQL ............................................................................................ 1094
Understanding PostgreSQL roles and permissions ............................................................. 1095
Securing Aurora PostgreSQL data with SSL/TLS ................................................................ 1105
Updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates ................................................................... 1108
Determining whether applications are connecting to Aurora PostgreSQL DB clusters using SSL 1109
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