Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation

231 Pages·2009·5.43 MB·English

by  Aidan Dodson

AMARNA
SUNSET
AMARNA
SUNSET
Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb,
and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation
Aidan Dodson
The American University in Cairo Press
Cairo New York
First published in 2009 by
The American University in Cairo Press
113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018
www.aucpress.com
Copyright © 2009 by Aidan Dodson
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Dar el Kutub No. 4198/09
ISBN 978 977 416 304 3
Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dodson, Aidan
Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-
Reformation / Aidan Dodson.—Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2009
p. cm.
ISBN 978 977 416 304 3
1. Egypt—antiquities—kings and rulers I. Title
932
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 13 12 11 10 09
Designed by Andrea El-Akshar
Printed in Egypt
To Dyan: thanks for a wonderful first decade!

CONTENTS
List of Illustrations ix
Maps xiv
Abbreviations and Conventions xix
Preface xxi
Introduction: Sunrise 1
1 The Noonday Sun 11
2 The Waning Sun 27
3 The Northern Problem 53
4 The Living Image of Amun 61
5 The Zananzash Affair 89
6 God’s Father to God 95
7 The Hawk in Festival 109
8 Sunset 135
Notes 139
Appendices 163
1 Chronology of Ancient Egypt 163
2 Relative Chronology of Egyptian and Foreign Kings of
the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Dynasties 166
3 Royal Names of the Late Eighteenth Dynasty 170
4 Tentative Genealogy of the Late Eighteenth Dynasty 172
Bibliography 174
Index 198
vii

ILLUSTRATIONS
All images are by the author except where otherwise stated.
Maps Page
1. The Nile Valley xiv
2. Tell el-Amarna xv
3. The Near East during the fourteenth century BC xvi
4. Thebes xvii
5. The temple-enclosure of Amun-Re at Karnak xviii
Figures
1. Thutmose III as conqueror; Karnak, Pylon VII. 1
2. The temple at Sedeinga. Kristen Thompson. 2
3. Amenhotep III in the art style adopted after his first jubilee
(Luxor Museum). 3
4. Crown Prince Thutmose B, as depicted in the shrine of Apis I
at Saqqara (Munich Gl.93). 4
5. Relief, reused in the core of Pylon X at Karnak, of the Aten
and Amenhotep IV in conventional style (Berlin 2072). 4
6. Stela showing the Aten in conventional style, but with
cartouches (Edinburgh A.1956.347). 5
7. Relief showing Amenhotep IV in a proto-Amarna style
(Louvre E13482ter). 7
8. Stela of the Amarna royal family in the classic Amarna style
(Berlin 14145). 7
9. The royal family processes in chariots to the Aten temple
(TA4). Davies 1903–08: I, pl. x–xa. 8–9
ix
Page
10. Durbar scenes in the tomb-chapels of Huya (TA1) and
Meryre ii (TA2).Davies 1903–08: III, pl. xiii–xv, xxxvii. 12
11. The growth of the royal family in the tomb of Meryre ii.
Davies 1903–08: II, pl. xxxiv, xxxviii; Lepsius 1849–59: pl. 99b. 14
12. Pair of blocks bearing the names of Prince Tutankhuaten and
a princess (SCA store room at the Ashmunein). After Roeder
1969: pl. cv[56-VIII A], cvi[831-VIII C]. 15
13. Relief of Kiya (Copenhagen Ny Carlsberg ÆIN 1775). 16
14. Plans of the tombs of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. 19
15. Meketaten being mourned within a bower (TA26). Martin
1989a: pl. 68. 20–21
16. Mourning the body of Meketaten (TA26). Martin 1989a: pl. 63. 22
17. Double death scene (TA26). Martin 1989a: pl. 58. 22
18. Mourning Queen Tiye (?). Martin 1989a: pl. 25, 26. 25
19. The unfinished hall of the tomb-chapel of Neferkheperuhir-
sekheper (Amarna TA13). Bouriant et al. 1903: pl. xxxvi. 28
20. Layout of decoration of tomb-chapel of Meryre ii (TA2).
After Davies 1903–08: II, pl. xxvii, xxxvii, xli. 28
21. Smenkhkare and Meryetaten (TA2). After Davies 1903–08: II,
pl. xli, with texts restored after Lepsius 1849–59: pl. 99a, 1897:
II, 138, and Moseley 2009: 144, fig. 7.8. 29
22. Globular vase from Tutankhamun’s tomb, with restoration
of erased text (Cairo JE62172). Harry Burton, © Griffith
Institute, University of Oxford; restoration after Loeben 1994:
fig. 5. 30
23. Ring bezels of Smenkhkare. Petrie 1894: pl. xv. 31
24. Plan of the Great Palace at Amarna. Pendlebury 1951: pl. xiv. 31
25. Brick from the Coronation Hall at Amarna. Pendlebury 1951:
pl. lxxxiii[III]. 32
26. Lost block from Memphis with remains of cartouches
Smenkhkare and Meryetaten. Newberry 1928: 8, fig. 4, after
Nicholson 1891. 33
27. Ring bezels of Neferneferuaten. Petrie 1894: pl. xv. 33
28. The central strip of the lid of a broken box bearing the names
of Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, and Meryetaten (Cairo
JE61500a). Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of
Oxford. 34
29. Statuette of a female king from KV62 (Cairo JE60714).
Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. 35
x ILLUSTRATIONS