Becoming a Breech Expert (BABE®) Course AMaRE Australia th 5 Edition 2015 BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 2 Becoming a Breech Expert (BABE®) Course Manual Advanced Maternity & Reproductive Education (AMaRE) Australia 5th Edition 2015 The BABE® course was developed by a group of obstetricians, midwives and consumers as part of the AMaRE Australia suite of education programs. The BABE course is administered by AMaRE Australia which is a not‐for‐profit organisation. AMaRE Australia is run by a seven‐person Board who are all volunteers. The members of the instructor Faculty are also all volunteers. The Board and the Faculty have assisted in the development of this course. The BABE course can be claimed for Continuing Professional Development points (RACGP has approved 40 Category 1 points, RANZCOG has approved 8 C points) or you can claim at least 8 MidPLUS points with ACM (plus time for pre‐reading). Completion of the BABE course does not license participants to practice beyond the scope defined by their relevant registration boards and professional bodies. Disclaimer The Board and Faculty of AMaRE Australia have made considerable efforts to ensure that the content of the course is accurate and up to date. Users of the information presented in the course are strongly recommended to consult independent sources and local resources, for confirmation. The Board and Faculty accept no responsibility for any inaccuracies, information perceived as misleading, or the outcomes of using any management strategies that are presented in the course. Contributors to the 1st Edition of the BABE Course Manual Name Discipline (in alphabetical order) Jyai Allen Consumer and Midwife Andrew Bisits Obstetrician Helen Cooke Midwife Warwick Giles Obstetrician Caroline Homer Midwife Mandy Hunter Midwife Henry Murray Obstetrician BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 1 Karol Petrovska Consumer Anne Sneddon Obstetrician Rhonda Tombros Consumer AMaRE Australia/ALSO Asia Pacific Board Anne Sneddon, James Lie, Helen Cooke, Andrew Bisits, Kevin Stanton, Teoni McHale, Caroline Homer Contact details AMaRE Australia c/o Mayhem Corporation Pty Ltd ABN: 86 092 862 229 Address: Level 1, 4 ‐ 6 Park Lane, Caringbah NSW 2229 Phone: (02) 9531 5655 Fax: (02) 8209 4949 Recommended citation AMaRE Australia (2015) Becoming a Breech Expert (BABE) Course Manual. 5th Edition. AMaRE Australia, Sydney. Acknowledgements Some of the teaching materials used in the BABE course were taken with permission from the Hands off the Breech Conference and Workshop held in Sydney in December 2012. This was organized by Professor Sally Tracy and her team at the Midwifery and Women's Health Research Unit, University of Sydney and Dr Andrew Bisits from the Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney in conjunction with Women's Hospitals Australasia (WHA). We thank Karin Ecker who filmed the entire proceedings of the conference and workshop. In the BABE course, we have used sections from these films with permission and sincere thanks. BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 2 Table of Contents BABE Course Program _______________________________________________________ 6 Chapter 1: Breech presentation and breech birth – the evidence _____________________ 7 Objectives ______________________________________________________________________ 7 Epidemiology ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Causes of breech presentation _____________________________________________________ 9 The evidence about vaginal breech birth _____________________________________________ 9 Changes in practice and outcomes since the TBT ___________________________________________ 10 Studies supporting the safety of vaginal breech birth ________________________________________ 11 National and international guidelines ______________________________________________ 13 Australia ___________________________________________________________________________ 13 United Kingdom _____________________________________________________________________ 14 United States ________________________________________________________________________ 15 Canada _____________________________________________________________________________ 15 Providing women with the evidence _______________________________________________ 15 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 16 Chapter 2: Breech presentation and breech birth _________________________________ 18 Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 18 Definitions ____________________________________________________________________ 18 The fetal head and the maternal pelvis _____________________________________________ 19 Diagnosing a malpresentation ____________________________________________________ 19 Antenatal care of women with a breech presentation _________________________________ 20 Postural options for women with a breech presentation _____________________________________ 20 Moxibuston _________________________________________________________________________ 20 The Webster Technique _______________________________________________________________ 21 External Cephalic Version (ECV) _________________________________________________________ 21 Labour and birth _______________________________________________________________ 21 Positions for birth ____________________________________________________________________ 22 The mechanism of the birth ____________________________________________________________ 22 When is assistance required? ___________________________________________________________ 24 Forceps ____________________________________________________________________________ 25 Rare difficult situations in a breech birth __________________________________________________ 26 Principles in an unexpected vaginal breech birth ____________________________________________ 27 After the birth _________________________________________________________________ 27 BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 3 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 27 Chapter 3: Critique of the Term Breech Trial _____________________________________ 29 Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 29 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 29 Issues with the Term Breech Trial __________________________________________________ 29 Critiques of the Term Breech Trial _________________________________________________ 30 Follow‐up data _________________________________________________________________ 32 Useful learning points from the TBT ________________________________________________ 32 Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________ 33 Chapter 4: External Cephalic Version for Breech Presentation ______________________ 34 Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 34 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 34 Timing of ECV __________________________________________________________________ 34 Factors associated with successful ECV _____________________________________________ 35 Complications _________________________________________________________________ 35 Contraindications to ECV _________________________________________________________ 36 Procedure for External Cephalic Version ____________________________________________ 36 Recommendations ______________________________________________________________ 38 Chapter 5: Care of the woman planning vaginal breech birth _______________________ 39 Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 39 Physiological differences between cephalic and breech presentation ____________________ 39 Criteria for making vaginal birth possible: ___________________________________________ 40 Induction of labour _____________________________________________________________ 41 Augmentation of labour _________________________________________________________ 41 Care in the first stage of labour ___________________________________________________ 42 Fetal monitoring _____________________________________________________________________ 42 Managing pain in labour _______________________________________________________________ 43 Care in the second stage of labour _________________________________________________ 43 Positions for second stage _____________________________________________________________ 44 Positions for birth ____________________________________________________________________ 44 Episiotomy __________________________________________________________________________ 44 Fetal monitoring in the second stage _____________________________________________________ 44 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 45 BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 4 Chapter 6: Women’s views and experiences _____________________________________ 46 Matilda’s birth _________________________________________________________________ 46 Vaginal Breech Birth: From Doubt to Decision _______________________________________ 52 Elsa’s birth: Caesarean after trial of labour __________________________________________ 56 Vaginal breech birth: Driving interstate to access supportive public maternity care _________ 63 The importance of ‘having a go’ ‐ A caesarean after labour _____________________________ 69 Chapter 7: Setting up a breech service _________________________________________ 74 Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 74 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 74 Maternity carers _____________________________________________________________________ 74 Planned elective vaginal breech birth ______________________________________________ 75 The Breech Score ____________________________________________________________________ 77 Discussing vaginal breech birth _________________________________________________________ 78 Training for obstetricians and midwives ____________________________________________ 78 Review and audit _______________________________________________________________ 79 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 79 Resources for women and clinicians ___________________________________________ 80 References _______________________________________________________________ 84 Slides used in the BABE Course _______________________________________________ 87 BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 5 BABE Course Program TIME LECTURES/WORKSTATIONS ALLOTTED TIME 8:00 – 8:10 Welcome – aim of course, confidentiality, copyright 15 minutes 8:10 – 8:30 Breech presentation in many settings today (video) 15 minutes 8:30 – 9:00 Lecture 1: Communicating the evidence 30 minutes 9:00 – 9:20 Lecture 2: External cephalic version 20 minutes 9.20‐10.00 Lecture 3: Mechanics of vaginal breech birth 40 minutes 10.00 – 10.20 MORNING TEA 20 minutes 10.20 – 11.00 Lecture 4: The reality of breech birth 40 minutes 11.00‐11.20 Lecture 5: Consumer perspectives 20 minutes 11.20 – 12.10 Lecture 6: Dealing with the unexpected 45 minutes 12.10 – 12.55 LUNCH 45 minutes 12.55 ‐ 1.25 Lecture 7: Setting up the birth space 30 minutes 1.25 – 2.20 WORKSTATIONS 1 55 minutes Normal breech Red Group Complicated breech Blue Group Counselling women Yellow Group 2.20 – 2.25 Changeover 2.25 – 3.20 WORKSTATIONS 2 55 minutes Normal breech Blue Group Complicated breech Yellow Group Counselling women Red Group 3.20 – 3.40 AFTERNOON TEA 20 minutes 3.40 ‐ 4:35 WORKSTATIONS 3 55 minutes Normal breech Yellow Group Complicated breech Red Group Counselling women Blue Group 4:35‐4:55 Lecture 8: Requirements for a safe vaginal breech service 20 minutes 4:55‐5.00 Finish BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 6 Chapter 1: Breech presentation and breech birth – the evidence Chapter written by Andrew Bisits, Caroline Homer and Rhonda Tombros Objectives At the end of this chapter participants will be able to understand the: epidemiology of breech birth the causes of breech presentation evidence and debate about the evidence international guidelines in relation to breech birth Epidemiology In a breech presentation, the fetal breech or buttocks present in the birth canal with the head lying in the uterine fundus. Breech presentations may be classified as: Frank breech: hips flexed and legs extended over the anterior surface of the body ‐ occurring in 45‐50% of breeches. Complete breech: hips and legs flexed ‐ occurring in 10 to 15% of breeches. Footling breech: one or both hips and knees extended with one or both feet presenting ‐ occurring in 35‐45% of babies in a breech presentation. In Australia in 2012 (the most recent data available), the predominant presentation at birth was vertex (95.8%). Breech presentation, the presentation occurred for 3.4% of women. Of the 11,557 women with a breech presentation, 92.2% were singleton pregnancies and 7.8% were multiple pregnancies where the first baby born had a breech presentation [1]. Currently, in Australia and New Zealand, most women with a breech presentation give birth by caesarean section. Of babies with breech presentations at birth in 2012, 87.0% were born by caesarean section. This ranged from 77.1% in Tasmania to 88.6% in South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. The remaining babies were born vaginally [1] (Table 1). BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 7 Table 1: Babies with breech presentations, by method of birth and state and territory, 2012 [1] Mode of NSW Vic(a) Qld WA SA Tas(b) ACT(c) NT Total birth Number Vaginal(d) 513 467 362 181 110 36 32 21 1,722 CS 3,166 3,076 2,604 1,354 854 121 248 132 11,555 Total 3,681 3,543 2,966 1,535 964 157 280 153 13.279 Percent Vaginal(d) 13.9 13.2 12.2 11.8 11.4 22.9 11.4 13.7 13.0 CS 86.0 86.8 87.8 88.2 88.6 77.1 86.6 86.3 87.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (a) Data provided by Vic are provisional. (b) For Tas, presentations via caesarean births were not reported by hospitals still using the paper-based form, so care must be taken when interpreting these data. Presentations via caesarean births will be included in the paper-based form from 1 January 2013. (c) In 2012, 14.2% of women who gave birth in the ACT were non-ACT residents. Therefore care must be taken when comparing percentages between jurisdictions. (d) Includes instrumental vaginal births. In 2012, of singleton babies born at term with breech presentations, most were born by CS. Of singleton babies born at term with breech presentations, 95.4% were born by caesarean section. Over three‐quarters of all term singleton breech births were delivered by caesarean section without labour (77.9%) [1] (Table 2). Table 2: Singleton term babies with breech presentations, by method of birth and state and territory, 2012 [1] Mode of birth NSW Vic(a) Qld WA SA Tas(b) ACT(c) NT Total Number Vaginal(d) 113 98 95 25 23 5 8 7 374 CS 2,361 2,001 1,662 903 571 85 158 83 7,824 Labour 408 333 344 159 122 14 36 19 1,435 No labour 1,953 1,668 1,318 744 449 71 122 64 6,389 Total 2,474 2,099 1,757 928 594 90 166 90 8,198 Percent Vaginal(d) 4.6 4.7 5.4 2.7 3.9 5.6 4.8 7.8 4.6 CS 95.4 95.3 94.6 97.3 96.1 94.4 95.2 92.2 95.4 Labour 16.5 15.9 19.6 17.1 20.5 15.6 21.7 21.1 17.5 No labour 78.9 79.5 75.0 81.6 80.2 75.6 78.9 71.1 77.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (a) Data provided by Vic are provisional. (b) For Tas, presentations via caesarean births were not reported by hospitals still using the paper-based form, so care must be taken when interpreting these data. Presentations via caesarean births will be included in the paper-based form from 1 January 2013. (c) In 2012, 14.2% of women who gave birth in the ACT were non-ACT residents. Therefore care must be taken when comparing percentages between jurisdictions. (d) Includes instrumental vaginal births. Prematurity is commonly associated with a breech. As the baby approaches term, the incidence of breech drops to three to four percent (Table 3). BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015) 8
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