Alternatives to prison : options for an insecure society

455 Pages·2004·10.205 MB·English

by  Rex, Sue, Robinson, Gwen, Bottoms, A. E

Alternatives
to Prison
Options for an insecure society
EDITED BY
WILLAN ANTHONY BOTTOMS. SUE REX
publishing AND GWEN ROBINSON
Alternatives to Prison
Alternatives to Prison
Options for an insecure society
edited by
Anthony Bottoms,
Sue Rex and
Gwen Robinson
0
WILLAN
PUBLISHING
Published by
Willan Publishing
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© The editors and contributors 2004
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers
or a licence permitting copying in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90
Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
First published 2004
ISBN 1-84392-104-9 (paperback)
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Project management by Deer Park Productions, Tavistock, Devon
Typeset by TW Typesetting, Plymouth, Devon
Printed and bound by T J International Ltd, Trecerus Industrial Estate, Padstow, Cornwall
Contents
List of figures and tables vii
Notes on contributors x
List of abbreviations xii
Preface XV
1 How did we get here? 1
The editors
2 Trends in crime, victimisation and punishment 28
Chris Leivis
3 Empirical research relevant to sentencing frameworks 59
Anthony Bottoms
4 Public opinion and community penalties 83
Shadd Maruna and Anna King
5 Punishment as communication 113
Sue Rex
6 Diversionary and non-supervisory approaches to dealing with
offenders 135
George Mair
7 Reparative and restorative approaches 162
Gill Mclvor
8 Rehabilitative and reintegrative approaches 195
Peter Raynor
9 Electronic monitoring and the community supervision of
offenders 224
Mike Nellis
10 Dealing with substance-misusing offenders in the comunity 248
Judith Rum gay
Alternatives to Prison
11 Intensive projects for prolific/persistent offenders 268
Anne Worrall and Rob C. Mawby
12 What guides sentencing decisions? 290
Martin Wasik
13 Sentence management 313
Given Robinson and ]ames Dignan
14 Dimensions of difference 341
Hazel Kemshall, Rob Canton and Roy Bailey
15 Attitudes to punishment in two high-crime communities 366
Anthony Bottoms and Andrew Wilson
16 Pulling some threads together 406
The editors
Index 425
vi
List of figures and tables
Figures
2.1 Total recorded crime in the three UK jurisdictions 1980-
2000 (1980=100) 33
2.2 Male prison population in England and Wales, 1980 to 2002 42
2.3 Female prison population in England and Wales, 1980 to
2002 43
2.4 Trends in prison populations 1950-2000 in four
jurisdictions: England and Wales, Finland, Holland, and
Sweden (rates per 100,000 population) 53
15.1 National Reassurance Policing Project: top 'signals' across
trial wards 387
T ables
2.1 Police-recorded crime in England and Wales, 1980 to 2003
(indexed, 1980=100) 31
2.2 Police-recorded crime: Scotland and Northern Ireland, 1985
to 2002 (indexed, 1980=100) 32
2.3 Percentage charges in police-recorded crime in European
and other jurisdictions 1991-2001 33
2.4 Estimates of BCS incidents of crime 1981 to 2002 34
2.5 Survey estimates of crimes in Scotland 1981-1999, and
comparison of survey results for 1992, 1995 and 1999 with
police recorded crime (all data in thousands) 35
2.6 Overall victimisation in 1999 across 17 jurisdictions: ICVS
(% victimised) 38
2.7 Percentage victimised once or more in 1999: ICVS 39
2.8 Males found guilty at all courts or cautioned, England and
Wales: 1981-2002 40
2.9 Percentage of offenders sentenced for indictable offences
who received various types of sentence, England and
Wales: 1980-2002 40
Alternatives to Prison
2.10 Average length of sentence in months for males aged 21 and
over sentenced to immediate imprisonment at the Crown
Court, England and Wales: 1980-2001 41
2.11 Prison population, England and Wales, by sex of prisoner:
1980 to 2004 42
2.12 Prison population projections, England and Wales, by sex of
prisoner: 2003-2009 43
2.13 Offenders dealt with in England and Wales under the aegis
of the YJB: number of disposals: 2002-3 48
2.14 Sentenced population of young people in prison service
custody, England and Wales: 1991-2003 49
2.15 Comparisons of prison populations, 2002 52
3.1 Males sentenced for indictable offences by type of sentence
or order, 1980-1986 (%) 75
3.2 Males sentenced for indictable offences by type of sentence
or order, 1990-1996 (%) 76
4.1 Some sample characteristics (N = 941) 96
4.2 Regression models predicting pro-community sanction
attitudes 98
5.1 Moralising aims: percentage agree (and ranking in list of all
statements) 121
5.2 Normative messages: percentage agree (and ranking in list
of all statements) 122
5.3 Preventive aims: percentage agree (and ranking in list of all
statements) 123
5.4 Instrumental messages: percentage agree (and ranking in
list of all statements) 124
5.5 How offenders should respond to punishment: percentage
agree (and ranking in list of 12 statements) 126
6.1 Sentences passed for indictable offences: 1981-2002 (%) 144
6.2 Sentences for offences of burglary: 1981-2002 (%) 145
6.3 Sentences in the magistrates' courts for indictable offences:
1986-2002 (%) 146
6.4 Sentences in the magistrates' courts for summary offences
(excluding motoring): 1986-2002 (%) 146
6.5 Sentences in the Crown Court for indictable offences,
1986-2002 (%) 146
6.6 Offenders cautioned for indictable offences: 1981-2002
(cautioning rate in parentheses) 148
6.7 Male offenders cautioned by type of offence (indictable)
(thousands) 149
6.8 Female offenders cautioned by type of offence (indictable)
(thousands) 149
6.9 Twelve-month reconviction rates for offenders aged 10-17
by disposal and gender (%) 151
List of figures and tables
15.1 Demographics - Area A and its three sub-areas 369
15.2 Demographics: Area B and its three sub-areas 371
15.3 Recorded crime rates per 1000 population (based on 2001
Census), by area and sub-area, 2002/3 and 2003/4 373
15.4 Area A - types of recorded crime (%), 2002-3 373
15.5 Area B - types of recorded crime (%), 2002-3 374
15.6 Survey response by area and sub-area 375
15.7 Responses to the statement 'Crime is a serious problem
where 1 live', by area and sub-area 377
15.8 Residents' reports of crime and disorder victimisation in
last year (% figures unless otherwise stated) 379
15.9 Survey respondents' perceptions of 'the regular crimes
committed in this neighbourhood' (%) 379
15.10 Punitiveness and redeemability scales: mean scores by areas
and sub-areas 380
15.11 Multiple regression model with punitiveness scale as the
dependent variable 383
15.12 Percentage mentions of selected 'undesirable features of
areas', and 'suggestions for improvement' (from qualitative
analysis of interview comments) 388
15.13 Responses to the Court of Appeal's reasoning in R. v.
Mclnerney 395
Notes on contributors
Dr Roy Bailey is Research Associate, De Montfort University and
formerly Chief Probation Officer for Devon.
Professor Sir Anthony Bottoms is Wolfson Professor of Criminology,
University of Cambridge and Professorial Fellow in Criminology, Univer­
sity of Sheffield.
Rob Canton is Lecturer, Community and Criminal Justice Research
Division, De Montfort University.
Professor James Dignan is Professor of Criminology and Restorative
Justice, University of Sheffield.
Professor Hazel Kemshall is Professor, Community and Criminal Justice
Research Division, De Montfort University.
Anna King is a doctoral student, Institute of Criminology, University of
Cambridge.
Dr Chris Lewis is Senior Research Fellow in Criminology, University of
Portsmouth and formerly Head of the Offender Unit, Home Office
Research Development and Statistics Department.
Professor George Mair is E. Rex Makin Chair of Criminal Justice,
Liverpool John Moores University.
Dr Shadd Maruna is Lecturer in Criminology, Institute of Criminology,
University of Cambridge.
Dr Rob C. Mawby is Research Fellow in Criminology, Keele University.
Professor Gill Mclvor is Professor of Social Work and Director of the
Social Work Research Centre, University of Stirling.