Alternative energy and shale gas encyclopedia PDF
Preview Alternative energy and shale gas encyclopedia
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND SHALE GAS ENCYCLOPEDIA ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND SHALE GAS ENCYCLOPEDIA Editedby JAYH.LEHR Editor-in-Chief JACKKEELEY SeniorEditor THOMASB.KINGERY InformationTechnology WILEYSERIESONENERGY Copyright©2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. 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TJ807.4.E532015 621.04203–dc23 2014049361 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION:ENERGYDRIVESEVERYTHING HowardC.Hayden xi LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS xxv PART I WIND 1 AcceptanceofWindPower:AnIntroductiontoDriversandSolutions 3 JacobLadenburg 2 WindPowerForecastingTechniques 10 MichaelNegnevitsky 3 MaximizingtheLoadinginWindTurbinePlants:(A)TheBetzLimit, (B)DuctingtheTurbine 20 D.P.GeorgiouandN.G.Theodoropoulos 4 ModelingWindTurbineWakesforWindFarms 28 AngusC.W.CreechandWolf-GerritFru¨h 5 FatigueFailureinWindTurbineBlades 52 JuanC.Marin,AlbertoBarroso,FedericoParis,andJoseCanas 6 FloatingWindTurbines:TheNewWaveinOffshoreWindPower 69 AntoinePeifferandDominiqueRoddier 7 WindPower—AeoleTurnsMarine 80 RogerH.CharlierandAlexandreC.Thys 8 ImpactsofWindFarmsonWeatherandClimateatLocaland GlobalScales 88 JustinJ.TraiteurandSomnathBaidyaRoy v vi CONTENTS 9 PowerCurvesandTurbulentFlowCharacteristicsofVerticalAxis WindTurbines 104 KevinPopeandGregF.Naterer 10 WindmillBrakeStateModelsUsedinPredictingWind TurbinePerformance 116 PanuPratumnopharatandPakSingLeung 11 LightningProtectionofWindTurbinesandAssociatedPhenomena 120 PetarSarajcev 12 WindTurbineWakeModeling—PossibilitieswithActuator Line/DiscApproaches 141 StefanIvanellandRobertMikkelsen 13 RandomCascadeModelforSurfaceWindSpeed 153 R.BaileandJ.F.Muzy 14 WindPowerBudget 163 HugoAbiKaram 15 IdentificationofWindTurbinesinClosed-LoopOperationinthe PresenceofThree-DimensionalTurbulenceWindSpeed:Torque DemandtoMeasuredGeneratorSpeedLoop 169 MikelIribas-LatourandIon-Dore´Landau 16 IdentificationinClosed-LoopOperationofModelsforCollectivePitch RobustControllerDesign 180 MikelIribas-LatourandIon-Dore´Landau 17 WindBasics—EnergyfromMovingAir 194 PublicDomain 18 Wind—ChronologicalDevelopment 201 PublicDomain PART II SOLAR 19 SolarAirConditioning 205 WinstonGarcia-GabinandDarineZambrano 20 EnergyPerformanceofHybridCogenerationVersusSide-by-SideSolar WaterHeatingandPhotovoltaicforSubtropicalBuildingApplication 212 Tin-TinChow,Ka-KuiTse,andNormanTse 21 PolycrystallineSiliconforThinFilmSolarCells 226 Nicola´sBudini,RobertoD.Arce,Roma´nH.Buitrago,andJavierA.Schmidt 22 SolarBasics–EnergyfromtheSun 233 PublicDomain 23 NASAArmstrongFactSheet:Solar-PowerResearch 241 PublicDomain CONTENTS vii 24 SolarThermal–ChronologicalDevelopment 247 PublicDomain 25 Photovoltaic–ChronologicalDevelopment 249 PublicDomain PART III GEOTHERMAL 26 Geothermal:History,Classification,andUtilization forPowerGeneration 253 MathewC.AnekeandMathewC.Menkiti 27 EnhancedGeothermalSystems 265 RosemarieMohais,ChoashuiXu,PeterA.Dowd,andMartinHand 28 ThermodynamicAnalysisofGeothermalPowerPlants 290 MehmetKanogluandAliBolatturk 29 SustainabilityAssessmentofGeothermalPowerGeneration 301 AnnetteEvans,VladimirStrezov,andTimJ.Evans 30 GeothermalEnergyandOrganicRankineCycleMachines 310 BertrandF.Tchanche 31 LowTemperatureGeothermalEnergy:Geospatial andEconomicIndicators 318 AlbertoGemelli,AdrianoMancini,andSauroLonghi 32 DryCoolingTowersforGeothermalPowerPlants 333 ZhiqiangGuan,KamelHooman,andHalGurgenci 33 ThermalStorage 350 MarcA.Rosen 34 ShallowGeothermalSystems:ComputationalChallenges andPossibilities 368 RafidAl-Khoury 35 GeothermalBasics—WhatisGeothermalEnergy? 390 PublicDomain 36 Geothermal—ChronologicDevelopment 394 PublicDomain PART IV HYDROPOWER 37 SustainabilityofHydropower 399 JoergHartmann 38 EnvironmentalIssuesRelatedtoConventionalHydropower 404 ZhiqunDanielDeng,AlisonH.Colotelo,RichardS.Brown,andThomasJ.Carlson viii CONTENTS 39 SocialIssuesRelatedtoHydropower 410 JoergHartmann 40 SafetyinHydropowerDevelopmentandOperation 413 UrbanKjelle´n 41 PumpedHydroelectricStorage 423 JohnP.DeaneandBrianO’Gallachoir 42 GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromHydroelectricDamsinTropicalForests 426 PhilipM.Fearnside 43 PhysicalandMultidimensionalNumericHydraulicModeling ofHydropowerSystemsandRivers 437 TimothyC.SassamanandDanielGessler 44 ExperimentalandNumericalModelingToolsforConventional HydropowerSystems 448 ZhiqunDanielDeng,ThomasJ.Carlson,GeneR.Ploskey,RichardS.Brown, GaryE.Johnson,andAlisonH.A.Colotelo 45 TheStateofArtonLargeCavernDesignforUndergroundPowerhouses andSomeLong-TermIssues 465 O¨merAydan 46 HydroelectricPowerfortheNation 488 PublicDomain 47 HydropowerBasics—EnergyfromMovingWater 492 PublicDomain 48 Hydropower—ChronologicDevelopment 497 PublicDomain PART V BATTERIESANDFUELCELLS 49 FuelCellControl 501 WinstonGarcia-GabinandDarineZambrano 50 RecentTrendsintheDevelopmentofProtonExchangeMembrane FuelCellSystems 509 AmornchaiArpornwichanopandSuthidaAuthayanun 51 IntegratedSolidOxideFuelCellSystemsforElectricalPower Generation—AReview 526 SuttichaiAssabumrungrat,AmornchaiArpornwichanop, VorachatraSukwattanajaroon,andDangSaebea 52 PolymerElectrolytesforLithiumSecondaryBatteries 547 FionaM.GrayandMichaelJ.Smith CONTENTS ix 53 RecyclingandDisposalofBatteryMaterials 566 MichaelJ.SmithandFionaM.Gray 54 ACORDC 578 M.AramAzadpour PART VI RENEWABLEENERGYCONCEPTS 55 WillRenewablesCutCarbonDioxideEmissionsSubstantially? 581 HerbertInhaber 56 TheConceptofBase-LoadPower 585 MarkDiesendorf 57 TidalPowerHarnessing 590 RogerH.Charlier 58 TheLoadingofWaterCurrentTurbines:TheBetzLimit andDuctedTurbines 601 D.P.GeorgiouandN.G.Theodoropoulos 59 BottledGasasHouseholdEnergy 606 MasamiKojima 60 ExergyAnalysis:TheoryandApplications 628 MarcA.Rosen 61 GlobalTransportEnergyConsumption 651 PatrickMoriartyandDamonHonnery 62 Biomass:RenewableEnergyfromPlantsandAnimals 657 PublicDomain 63 PlantingandManagingSwitchgrassasaBiomassEnergyCrop 663 PublicDomain 64 MunicipalSolidWaste—ChronologicalDevelopment 675 PublicDomain 65 Ethanol—ChronologicalDevelopment 677 PublicDomain 66 ThermalPropertiesofMethaneHydratebyExperimentandModeling andImpactsUponTechnology 680 RobertP.Warzinski,IsaacK.Gamwo,EilisJ.Rosenbaum,EvgeniyM.Myshakin, HaoJiang,KennethD.Jordan,NiallJ.English,andDavidW.Shaw(PublicDomain) PART VII SHALEGAS 67 ShaleGasWillRocktheWorld 689 AmyMyersJaffe x CONTENTS 68 WhatisShaleGas? 692 EnergyInformationAdministration(PublicDomain) 69 DirectionalandHorizontalDrillinginOilandGasWells 695 PublicDomain 70 HydraulicFracturingofOilandGasWellsDrilledinShale 697 PublicDomain 71 HydraulicFracturing:AGame-ChangerforEnergyandEconomies 700 IsaacOrr 72 ZeroDischargeWaterManagementforHorizontalShale GasWellDevelopment 720 WestVirginiaWaterResearchInstitute(PublicDomain) 73 AboutOilShale—WhatisOilShale? 723 PublicDomain 74 NaturalGasBasics—HowWasNaturalGasFormed? 725 PublicDomain 75 NaturalGas—ChronologicalDevelopment 732 PublicDomain 76 EnergyMineralDivisionoftheAmericanAssociationofPetroleum Geologists,ShaleGasandLiquidsCommitteeAnnualReport,FY2014 734 NeilS.Fishman,Chair INDEX 857 INTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHING HowardC.Hayden INTRODUCTION toourneedsnightandday.Thisiswhywecanaccuratelysay thathumanlaborisaminusculepartoftheenergypicture. Everything we make, bend, heat, cool, cut, fasten, grow, Over 90% of our energy comes from petroleum, natu- harvest, move, or shape requires energy. That is, when we ral gas, coal, and uranium. Of the 9% contribution from doanythingtoanything,weuseenergy.Ifwedoitbyhand, renewable energy sources, the venerable ones—hydro and the energy source is the sun which produces the food we biomass—provideover80%. eat. The human labor part of the energy picture, however, The electricity that powers our appliances is not pri- is minuscule. Let me elaborate. The best coupling between mary energy, but rather a carrier of energy. In a coal-fired man and machine is to put a person on a bicycle seat to power plant, for example, the fire boils water into high- usethestronglegmusclestopushthepedals(whichinturn pressure, high-temperature steam that turns a turbine that might turn an electric generator). Whereas a good athlete turnsanelectricity-producinggenerator.Thegeneratorener- might produce a few hundred watts—perhaps as much as gizeselectrons,andourlightsandmachinesinturnbecome a thousand watts—over a short period, it is a real chore to energizedbythoseelectrons.Theimportantdetailissimply produce 100 W on a continuous basis for hours at a time. thattheelectricalpowerdoesnotcomefromthesocket,but If we produce 100 W for a 10-hour period, the amount of ratherfromsomeprimarysourcelikecoalornaturalgas. electrical energy produced is 100 W × 10 hours, which is Scientists began to understand things pertaining to elec- 1000 Wh, or 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh), for which the average tricityataboutthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution.Itwas priceintheUnitedStatesisaboutadime.Notmanypeople not until 1882 that the first hydropower station produced would be willing to work that hard, that long, for a mere commercialelectricalpower.Sousefuliselectricitythat,by 10cents.Foranothercomparison,a2000-Calorie1dailydiet now, afull40% ofourprimaryenergyintheUnitedStates isequivalenttoabout100W. goesintotheproductionofelectricity. To expand that perspective just a bit, let us look at the amountofenergy—over100exajoules2—usedintheUnited SOMEFUNDAMENTALS Stateseveryyear.Averagedoverthe31.6millionsecondsin the year, and over theroughly 315 millionUScitizens, our Energy is somewhat hard to define. There is no instrument rate of energy consumption is about 11,000 W per capita, thatdirectlymeasuresenergy.Byandlarge,youcannotsee about 110 times as much power as the average human pro- itortouchit.Work,ontheotherhand,isfairlyeasytodefine. ducesintheformofheat,orourathleteproduceswhileonthe Work is the equivalent of lifting a weight to some height bicycleseat.Alternatively,onemaythinkofourenergycon- abovethestartingpoint;indeed,itistheproductoftheweight sumptionasbeingequivalenttohaving110servantstending andtheverticaldistancetheweightmoves. Nowwecometothedefinition:Energyisthecapacityto dowork.(Thatdoesnotmeantheabilitytodowork.)Inother 1OnefoodCalorie(capitalized)isonekilocalorie. words, energy isnumerically thesame as theworkitcould 2Wewillsaymoreaboutthisunitfurtheron. doatanimpossible100%efficiency.Inbroadestterms,there xi
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