Alternative catalytic materials: carbides, nitrides, phosphides and amorphous boron alloys

211 Pages·2018·4.48 MB·English

by  Justin S. J.

Alternative Catalytic Materials
Carbides, Nitrides, Phosphides and Amorphous Boron Alloys
Catalysis Series
Series editors:
Bert Klein Gebbink, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Jose Rodriguez, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
Titles in the series:
1: Carbons and Carbon Supported Catalysts in Hydroprocessing
2: Chiral Sulfur Ligands: Asymmetric Catalysis
3: Recent Developments in Asymmetric Organocatalysis
4: Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude
5: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition Reactions: A
Powerful Tool for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Complex
Molecules
6: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: From Laboratory Curiosities to Efficient
Synthetic Tools
7: P-Stereogenic Ligands in Enantioselective Catalysis
8: Chemistry of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction
9: Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer: A Carrefour of Chemical Reactivity
Traditions
10: Asymmetric Domino Reactions
11: C–H and C–X Bond Functionalization: Transition Metal Mediation
12: Metal Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts
13: Environmental Catalysis Over Gold-Based Materials
14: Computational Catalysis
15: Catalysis in Ionic Liquids: From Catalyst Synthesis to Application
16: Economic Synthesis of Heterocycles: Zinc, Iron, Copper, Cobalt,
Manganese and Nickel Catalysts
17: Metal Nanoparticles for Catalysis: Advances and Applications
18: Heterogeneous Gold Catalysts and Catalysis
19: Conjugated Linoleic Acids and Conjugated Vegetable Oils
20: Enantioselective Multicatalysed Tandem Reactions
21: New Trends in Cross-Coupling: Theory and Applications
22: Atomically-Precise Methods for Synthesis of Solid Catalysts
23: Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Catalysis
24: Heterocycles from Double-Functionalized Arenes: Transition Metal
Catalyzed Coupling Reactions
25: Asymmetric Functionalization of C–H Bonds
26: Enantioselective Nickel-catalysed Transformations
27: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: From Laboratory Curiosities to Efficient
Synthetic Tools, 2nd edition
28: Zeolites in Catalysis: Properties and Applications
29: Biocatalysis: An Industrial Perspective
30: Dienamine Catalysis for Organic Synthesis
31: Metal-free Functionalized Carbons in Catalysis: Synthesis,
Characterization and Applications
32: Modern Biocatalysis: Advances Towards Synthetic Biological Systems
33: NO Trap Catalysts and Technologies: Fundamentals and Industrial
x
Applications
34: Alternative Catalytic Materials: Carbides, Nitrides, Phosphides and
Amorphous Boron Alloys
How to obtain future titles on publication:
Astandingorderplanisavailableforthisseries.Astandingorderwillbring
delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.
For further information please contact:
BookSalesDepartment,RoyalSocietyofChemistry,ThomasGrahamHouse,
Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK
Telephone: þ44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: þ44 (0)1223 420247
Email: [email protected]
Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books

Alternative Catalytic Materials
Carbides, Nitrides, Phosphides and
Amorphous Boron Alloys
Edited by
Justin S. J. Hargreaves
University of Glasgow, UK
Email: [email protected]
Andrew R. McFarlane
Scottish Enterprise, UK
Email: [email protected]
and
Said Laassiri
University of Glasgow, UK
Email: [email protected]
CatalysisSeriesNo.34
PrintISBN:978-1-78262-919-1
PDFISBN:978-1-78801-322-2
EPUBISBN:978-1-78801-483-0
ISSN:1757-6725
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
Allrightsreserved
Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot
bereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior
permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orinthe
caseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright
LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedby
theappropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning
reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof
Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage.
Whilstthismaterialhasbeenproducedwithallduecare,TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry
cannotbeheldresponsibleorliableforitsaccuracyandcompleteness,norforany
consequencesarisingfromanyerrorsortheuseoftheinformationcontainedinthis
publication.Thepublicationofadvertisementsdoesnotconstituteanyendorsementby
TheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorAuthorsofanyproductsadvertised.Theviewsand
opinionsadvancedbycontributorsdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofTheRoyalSociety
ofChemistrywhichshallnotbeliableforanyresultinglossordamagearisingasaresult
ofrelianceuponthismaterial.
TheRoyalSocietyofChemistryisacharity,registeredinEnglandandWales,
Number207890,andacompanyincorporatedinEnglandbyRoyalCharter
(RegisteredNo.RC000524),registeredoffice:BurlingtonHouse,Piccadilly,
LondonW1J0BA,UK,Telephone:þ44(0)20743786556.
Forfurtherinformationseeourwebsiteatwww.rsc.org
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY,UK
Preface
Metals, metal oxides and to some extent sulfides can be claimed to be the
pillars of industrial catalysis. In this book, attention is directed towards
metalcarbides,nitridesandphosphides,aswellasamorphousboronalloys
that, arguably, have been less well studied although they are the focus of
increasing attention. Initial interest, which was predominantly directed
towards metal carbides, sought to draw parallels between their catalytic
behaviour and that of precious metals such as platinum and palladium.
Such interest continues today in terms of some of the material classes
covered in this book acting as cheaper potential alternatives. The recent
expansion in the area of research centring upon electrocatalytic process
andmaterialshasspurredmuchofthis.However,itisimportantnottodraw
this analogy too strongly and to recognise each material class covered as
possessingdistinctandinterestingperformanceintheirownright.Suchan
approach can lead to the development of new and interesting applications
and future directions of research. Through a series of review-type chapters,
this book details various aspects of their preparation and application to
provide an indication of the current state of the interest in, and range of
applications for, the materials detailed.
In putting this book together, we wish to express our appreciation to all
those who have contributed chapters. We are most grateful for their contri-
butiontothisprojectandforthetimelymannerinwhichtheyhavesubmitted
theirchapters.Wewouldalsoliketothanktheeditorialandproductionstaff
fromtheRoyalSocietyofChemistryfortheirverykindassistancethroughout
the commissioning and production process and in particular we acknow-
ledgethecontributionsofHelenArmesandConnorSheppardinthisregard.
J. S. J. Hargreaves, S. Laassiri and A. R. McFarlane
Glasgow
CatalysisSeriesNo.34
AlternativeCatalyticMaterials:Carbides,Nitrides,PhosphidesandAmorphousBoronAlloys
EditedbyJustinS.J.Hargreaves,AndrewR.McFarlaneandSaidLaassiri
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Application of Nitrides, Carbides,
Phosphides and Amorphous Boron Alloys in Catalysis 1
Kevin J. Smith
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Hydrogenation Reactions 3
1.3 Hydrotreating Reactions 6
1.4 Synthesis Gas Production 12
1.5 Synthesis Gas Conversion 14
1.6 Ammonia and Hydrogen 17
1.7 Electrocatalysis 19
1.8 Conclusions 20
References 20
Chapter 2 Preparation Methods for Nitride and Carbide Catalysts 27
Zhiwei Yao and Pengliang Liang
2.1 Introduction 27
2.1.1 NH /C H -TPR 28
3 x y
2.1.2 Elemental Direction Nitridation/
Carburisation in the Presence of H 31
2
2.1.3 Thermal Decomposition of Metal–Amine
Complexes or Gels 33
2.2 Catalytic Applications 35
2.3 Conclusion 41
Acknowledgements 41
References 42
CatalysisSeriesNo.34
AlternativeCatalyticMaterials:Carbides,Nitrides,PhosphidesandAmorphousBoronAlloys
EditedbyJustinS.J.Hargreaves,AndrewR.McFarlaneandSaidLaassiri
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
ix