ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin Franklin Reader Benjamin Franklin: An American Life Kissinger: A Biography The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (with Evan Thomas) Pro and Con EINSTEIN HIS LIFE AND UNIVERSE WALTER ISAACSON SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2007 by Walter Isaacson All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Simon & Schuster and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc. For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-800-456- 6798 or [email protected]. Endpapers: Alan Richards, Princeton University Library Frontispiece: Ullstein Bilderdienst/The Granger Collection, New York Illustration credits are on page 679. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Isaacson, Walter. Einstein : his life and universe / Walter Isaacson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. 2. Physicists—Biography. 3. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Friends and associates. 4. Relativity (Physics). 5. Unified field theories. I. Title. QC16.E5I76 2007 530.092—dc22 [B] 2006051264 ISBN-13: 978-0-7432-6473-0 ISBN-10: 978-0-7432-6473-8 eISBN-13: 978-1-4165-3932-2