Almanak Hak Asasi Manusia di Sektor Keamanan Indonesia 2009 / Almanac on Human Rights

418 Pages·2011·21.1 MB·English

Geneva Centre for the
Democratic Control of
Armed Forces (DCAF)
Indonesia’s NGO Coalition for
IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall HHuummaann RRiigghhttss AAddvvooccaaccyy KOMNAS HAM
Human Rights and the Indonesian
Security Sector: 2009 Almanac
Editors:
Mufti Makaarim A.
Wendy Andika Prajuli
Fitri Bintang Timur
Human Rights and the Indonesian Security Sector: 2009 Almanac
Mufti Makaarim A., Fitri Bintang Timur, Wendy A. Prajuli, -Ed.1 – Jakarta; IDSPS
380 pages: 21 cm x 27 cm
ISBN:
Title: Human Rights and the Indonesian Security Sector: 2009Almanac
Copyright © IDSPS, 2009
Writing Team:
Asfinawati
Bhatara Ibnu Reza
Dian Kartika
Galuh Wandita
Amdy Hamdani
Dimas Pratama Yuda
M. M. Billah
Meirani Budiman
Mufti Makaarim A.
Mugiyanto
Muhammad Islah
Nawawi Bahrudin
Nurkholis Hidayat
Oslan Purba
Papang Hidayat
Rusdi Marpaung
Septi Silawati
Usman Hamid
Saiful Haq
Syamsul Alam Agus
Zainul Maarif
Editors:
Mufti Makaarim A.
Fitri Bintang Timur
Wendy A. Prajuli
First Edition, August 2009
Copyright is protected by law
Cover & layout design: Nurika
Published by:
IDSPS
Institute for Defense Security and Peace Studies
Jl. Teluk Peleng B-32 Komp. TNI AL Rawa Bambu Pasar Minggu
Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Tel./Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Website: www.idsps.org
ii
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations v
Preface :
DCAF (Eden Cole) xi
IDSPS (Mufti Makaarim) xiv
Komnas HAM (Ifdal Kasim) xvi
HRWG (Rafendi Djamin) xxv
Part I:
Framework: Human Rights Trends and the Contemporary Security Sector
Human Rights Discourse and the Contemporary Security Sector (Amdy Hamdani) 3
Accountability for Past Human Rights Violations:
Impunity versus Transitional Justice (Galuh Wandita) 15
Part II:
The General Context of Human Rights and the Security Sector in Indonesia
Human Rights and Security Sector Reform in Indonesia
1998–2008 (Dimas P. Yudha & Mufti Makaarim A.) 29
National Commission of Human Rights (Komnas HAM)
in Human Rights Enforcement (M. M. Billah) 47
Intelligence Transformation in Indonesia’s Democratic Transition
and Human Rights Enforcement (Usman Hamid) 83
Constitutional and Fundamental Rights for Security Actors (Rusdi Marpaung) 93
Gender Mainstreaming in the Security Sector (Septi Silawati) 109
Part III:
The Interaction between Human Rights and the Security Sector in Indonesia
Challenges in Solving Extrajudicial Killing Cases in Conflict Areas (Oslan Purba) 127
The Challenges of Ending Torture within the Sphere of Law Enforcement (Asfinawati) 145
Accountability in Solving Cases of Enforced Disappearance (Mugiyanto) 161
iii
Arbitrary Arrest and Detention: Excuses for Emergency Conditions
and Terrorism (Bhatara Ibnu Reza) 183
Freedom of Information and Public Participation: Security Actors and
the Stigmatisation of the Civil Society Movement (Nawawi Bahrudin) 207
The Right to a Fair, Open, Free and Impartial Trial: The Difficulty in Bringing
Human Rights Violators to Justice (Agung Yudhawiranata) 221
Freedom of Religion, Faith and Opinion: Impartiality and Partiality of
the State and Security Actors (Ahmad Suaedy) 243
Right to Reparation: Toward Victim Oriented Justice (Papang Hidayat) 257
The Dilemma of the ECOSOC Budget versus Security Budget Fulfillment
(Dian Kartikasari) 275
Conflicts over Natural Resources, Indigenous Land (Ulayat) Rights and
Traditional Society versus Violent Practices of Officials (Muhammad Islah) 285
Municipal Police Unit (Satpol PP) and Violence in Urban Areas (Nurkholis Hidayat) 301
Women in Armed Conflict (Meirani Budiman) 317
Post-Conflict Management in the Framework of Indonesia’s Security Sector and
Civil Society: Case Studies of Poso and Aceh
(Syamsul Alam Agus & Puri Kencana Putri) 335
The Commission of Truth and Friendship (CTF) and the Unveiling of
Human Rights Violations in East Timor (Zainul Maarif) 349
DDR in Aceh and Justice in the Transition Period (Saiful Haq) 371

Photo Sources 381
Biographies of Contributors 382
iv
List of Abbreviations
ABRI Indonesian Armed Forces (before 1998 Reformation)
ACHR American Convention on Human Rights
AD Indonesian Army (Angkatan Darat)
AFAD Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances
AI Amnesty International
AKKBB State Alliance for Freedom of Religion and Faith
AL Indonesian Navy (Angkatan Laut)
ALDERA People’s Democracy Alliance (Aliansi Demokrasi Rakyat)
AMD Indonesian Armed Forces social operation in villages (ABRI Masuk
Desa)
AMM Aceh Monitoring Mission
ANTI Aliansa Nasional Timor-Leste ba Tribunal Internasional
APBD Local State Earning and Spending Budget
APBN National Earning and Spending Budget
APINDO Indonesian Employers Association
Apodeti Associacao Popular Democratica de Timor (a political party in Timor-
Leste)
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASNLF Aceh Sumatera National Liberation Front (or the Free Aceh Movement)
AU Indonesian Air Force (Angkatan Udara)
Bais TNI Indonesian Military Strategic Intelligence Body
Bakin National Intelligence Coordination Body
Bakorstanas National Stability Assistance Coordination Body
BIA Indonesian Military Strategic Intelligence Body (before 1998
Reformation)
BKI Intelligence Coordination Body
BKKBN National Family Planning Coordination Body
BPI Intelligence Central Body
BPS Central Bureau of Statistics
BRA Aceh Peace-Reintegration Body
BRANI Indonesia Secret Service Body
Brimob Mobile Brigade (one of the desks in the Indonesian Police Force)
BTI Indonesian Farmer Front (was assumed to be affiliated with the
communist party PKI)
CAT Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment
CAVR Comissio de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliaçio (Commission of
Acceptance, Truth and Reconciliation), Timor-Leste
CED Convention of Enforced Disappearances
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women
v
CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
CGI Consultative Group on Indonesia
CIDA Canadian Intergovernmental Development Agency
CMI Crisis Management Initiative
CoHA Cessation of Hostility Agreement Aceh
DAK Special Allocation Fund (in state budget)
DAU General Allocation Fund (in state budget)
Danjen Commandant General
Danramil Commandant in Military Area
DBH Shared Profit Fund
DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration
Dephukham Law and Human Rights Ministry
DI/TII Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia (organisation that aims to create an
Indonesia Islamic State and Islamic Armed Forces)
DKP Officers Honour Board
DLU Defence Lawyers Unit for East Timor
DPR People’s Representative Council, Indonesian Parliament (Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat)
DPT Electorate list (in Indonesian election)
DOM Military Operation Zone
DPRD Local People’s Representative Council, Local Parliament (Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah)
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ECOSOC Economic and Social Culture
ESDM Energy and Mineral Resources
ETAN East Timor and Indonesia Action Network
FBR Forum Betawi Rempug (civil organisation in Jakarta that sometimes uses
violence)
FISIP UI Social and Political Science Faculty, University of Indonesia
FPI Front Pembela Islam (Islam Defender Front, civil organisation that
sometimes uses violence)
Fretilin Frente Revolucionaria do Timor Leste Independente (political party in
Timor Timur)
GAM Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka)
GBV Gender based violence
Gerwani Indonesian Women’s Movement (was assumed to be affiliated with the
communist party PKI)
GMKI Indonesia Christian Student Movement
Golkar Golongan Karya (political party in Indonesia, was the biggest in New
Order era)
HAM Hak Asasi Manusia (human rights)
HGU Business Utilization Right (allows a corporation to utilise certain natural
resources or a public owned natural site, e.g., water)
vi
HMN State Ownership Right
HPH Forest Management Right (allows a corporation to conduct logging in
certain forests)
HRC Human Rights Commission
HRW Human Rights Watch
HRWG Human Rights Working Group
ICC International Criminal Court
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICTJ International Center for Transitional Justice
IDI Indonesian Doctors Association
IDSPS Institute for Defense, Security and Peace Studies
IGGI Intergovernmental Group of Indonesia
IKOHI Indonesian Association of the Families of Missing Persons
ILC International Law Commission
INFID International NGO Forum on Indonesia
INGI International NGO Forum on IGGI Intergovernmental Group
on Indonesia
JAKKER People’s Art Network
Jamkesmas Society Health Insurance
JUHP Joint Understanding of Humanitarian Pause for Aceh
KASUM Solidarity Action Committee for Munir (Indonesian human rights activist
who was killed)
KDRT Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (domestic violence)
KLI Komando Lasykar Islam (civil organisation that sometimes uses
violence)
KKN Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism
KKO AL Navy Command Corps
KKP Timor Timur Commission of Truth and Friendship Timor-Leste
KKR Commission of Truth and Reconciliation
KNPD National Commission of Democratic Enforcement (Komite Nasional
Penegak Demokrasi)
Kodam Provincial Military Command
Kodim City/District Military Command
Komnas HAM Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Indonesia National Commission
for Human Rights)
KontraS Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (Commission
for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence)
Kopassus Special Troops Command
Kopkamtib Security and Order Restoring Operation Command
Korem Military Resort Command (under Kodam)
KOTA Klibur Oan Timor Aswain (political party in Timor-Leste)
Kowad Women’s Corps in Army
KPA Aceh Transformation Committee
KPI Indonesia Broadcast Commission
KPKR Commission of Acceptance, Truth and Reconciliation (Timor-Leste)
vii
KPP Ministry of Women’s Empowerment
KPP HAM Investigative Comission for Human Rights Violations
KPU General Election Commission
KSAD Army Head of Staff
KTP Citizen Identity Card
KUHAP Criminal Procedure Code
KUHP Criminal Code
KUHPM Military Criminal Law
LBHN Nusantara Law Assistance Body (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Nusantara)
Lekra Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat (People’s Cultural Body, was assumed to
be affiliated with the communist party PKI)
LIN National Intelligence Body (name under the Old Order regime)
Linmas Society Protection (Lindungan Masyarakat)
LIPI Indonesian Science Body
Mabes Polri Republic of Indonesia Police Headquarters
MK Constitutional Court
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MUI Indonesian Islamic Clerk Association
NHM Halmahera Nusa Halmahera Minerals (gold mining company)
NII Indonesia Islamic State
NKRI Unified Nation of the Indonesian Republic
NU Nadhatul Ulama (one of the biggest and moderate Islamic organisations
in Indonesia)
OECD-DAC Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
OMS Civil Society Organisation (Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil)
OPM Free Papua Movement (Organisasi Papua Merdeka)
Ormas Civil Organisation (Organisasi Masyarakat)
P2TP2A Integrated Service Center for the Empowerment of Women and Children
PBB Indonesians for the UN (Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa)
PDI Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (Indonesian Democratic Party, political party
in the New Order before splitting in 1997)
PDI-P Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (Indonesian Democratic Party-
Struggle, political party)
Pemilu General Election
Peradi Indonesia Advocate Association
PETA Pejuang Tanah Air (Indonesian military formed in Japan occupation time)
PKI Indonesia Communist Party
PNI Indonesian National Party
Pokja Intel Intelligence Reform Working Group
Polda Provincial level police force (Polisi Daerah)
Polsek District level police force (Polisi Sektor)
Polri Indonesian Police Force (Polisi Republik Indonesia)
Polwan Women Police
Polwil Local police force (in city)
viii
Polwiltabes Big city police force
Pospol Police office
PPNS Civil Service Investigator
PPP Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party, political
party since the New Order)
PRD Partai Rakyat Demokratik (People’s Democratic Party, political party
dissolved in New Order)
PsiAD Army Psychology Center
PTPN State Plantation Company
PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PUJ Gender Mainstreaming (Pengarusutamaan Jender)
Pusintelstrat Strategic Intelligence Center
PWD Police Women Desk
RAN HAM Human Rights National Action Plan
RDTL Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Republic of Timor-Leste)
RPK Ruang Pelayanan Khusus (special service room in police offices for
handling cases such as domestic violence)
RPKAD Army Command Regimen
RSA Role of State Apparatus
RSK Security Sector Reform (Reformasi Sektor Keamanan)
SANDI Alliance Knot for Intelligence Democratisation (Simpul Aliansi untuk
Demokratisasi Intelijen)
SARA Suku Agama Ras Antar-golongan (ethnic, religion, race and between
groups, New Order propaganda as based of no differentiation in civil
interaction)
Satpol PP Municipal Police (Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja)
SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons
SCU Serious Crime Unit
SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SK Decision Letter (Surat Keputusan)
SKB Joint Decision Letter (Surat Keputusan Bersama)
SMID Student Solidarity for Indonesian Democracy (Solidaritas Mahasiswa
untuk Demokrasi Indonesia)
SOBSI Indonesian Labor Central Organisation (was assumed to be affiliated with
the communist party PKI)
SPSC Special Panel for Serious Crimes in East Timor
SSK Satuan setingkat kompi (military unit)
SSR Security Sector Reform
Tap MPR General People Assembly’s Statement
TGPF Fact Finding Joint Team (Tim Gabungan Pencari Fakta)
TNA Aceh Armed Forces (Teuntara Neugara Atjeh)
TNI Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia)
Trantib Police Unit for Public Security and Order
Tupoksi Main Task and Function
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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