Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit`a di Bologna Heterogeneous Networks for the IoT and Machine ...

235 Pages·2016·3.96 MB·English

Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit`a di Bologna
DEI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia Elettrica e
dell’Informazione
Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria Elettronica, delle Telecomunicazioni e
Tecnologie dell’Informazione
XXVIII Ciclo
Settore Concorsuale: 09/F2 - Telecomunicazioni
Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: ING-INF/03
Heterogeneous Networks for the IoT and Machine Type
Communications
Tesi di:
Melchiorre Danilo Abrignani
Coordinatore:
Chiar.mo Prof. Ing. Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli
Relatori:
Chiar.mo Prof. Ing. Roberto Verdone
Esame anno finale 2016

“The important thing is to not stop questioning.
Curiosity has its own reason for existing.” (A. Einstein)

Table of Contents
Table of Contents iii
Abstract vii
List of Acronyms ix
List of Figures xxi
List of Tables xxv
Introduction 1
Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Context of the Thesis: Newcom♯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
EuWIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Structure of the Thesis and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1 IoT and M2M 7
1.1 IoT Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.1 Issues and challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 IoT scenarios - Heterogeneous networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Standardization players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) . . 13
1.3.3 oneM2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Contents
1.3.4 Comit´e Europen de Normalisation - European Commitee for
Standardization (CEN)/Comit´e Europ´een de Normalisation
´
Electrotechnique - European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) . . . . 14
1.3.6 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.7 International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication
Standardization Bureau (ITU-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 M2M Traffic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 IoT short range solutions 19
2.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.1 IEEE 802.15.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.2 Zigbee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.3 6LowPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.4 Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.5 SDN approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 Testing platform: EuWIn@UniBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.1 The Flexible Topology (FLEXTOP) testbed . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.2 User Interface and remote access procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.3 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3 Performance analysis: Short-range protocols comparison . . . . . . . 45
2.3.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.2 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.3 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4 Performance analysis: Coexistence analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.2 Wi-Fi network setup and traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.3 Zigbee network setup and traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.5 Fast Deploying tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.5.1 Downscaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5.2 REM device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
iv
Contents
3 IoT in the Cellular world - MTC 105
3.1 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2 LTE/LTE-A architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.2.1 Uplink in LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4 RRM for M2M traffic in cellular networks 115
4.1 State of the Art Uplink RRM for M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.3 MILP approaches, model and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.3.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.3.2 Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) Models . . . . . . 126
4.4 Algorithm and algorithm execution performances analysis . . . . . . . 131
4.4.1 Proposed Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.4.2 Algorithms Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.5 NS3 - simulation tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.6 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.6.1 Reference System Architecture and Simulated Scenario . . . . 140
4.6.2 Benchmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.6.3 Proposed Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.6.4 Key Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.6.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5 RRM for M2M with uplink enhancement (Carrier Aggregation) 161
5.1 Carrier Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.2 Carrier Aggregation (CA) technology overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.3 Review the state of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4 Extended Milp Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.5 NS3 contribution to the community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.5.1 State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.5.2 Impact on LTE Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.5.3 Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.5.4 User Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.5.5 Implementation on the Network Simulator v.3 (NS3) . . . . . 173
5.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Conclusions 185
v
Contents
Bibliography 187
Publications 203
Acknowledgements 207
vi
Abstract
The Internet of Things promises to be a key-factor in the forthcoming industrial and
social revolution. The Internet of Things concept rely on pervasive communications
where ’things’ are ’always connected’. The focus of the thesis is on Heterogeneous
Networks for Internet of Things and Machine Type Communications. Heterogeneous
Networks are an enabling factor of paramount important in order to achieve the
’always connected’ paradigm. On the other hand, Machine Type Communications
are deeply different from Human-to-Human communications both in terms of traffic
patterns and requirements. This thesis investigate both concepts. In particular, here
are studied short and long range solutions for Machine-to-machine applications. For
this work a dual approach has been followed: for the short-range solutions analysis an
experimental approach has been privileged; meanwhile for the long-range solutions
analysis a theoretical and simulation approach has been preferred. In both case, a
particular attention has been given to the feasibility of the solutions proposed, hence
solutions based on products that already exist in the market have been privileged.