Table Of Content

Allied Fighting Effectiveness in North Africa and Italy, 1942–1945 © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi 10.1163/9789004255708_001 History of Warfare Editors Kelly DeVries (Loyola University Maryland) John France (University of Wales, Swansea) Michael S. Neiberg (United States Army War College, Pennsylvania) Frederick Schneid (High Point University, North Carolina) VOLUME 99 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw Allied Fighting Effectiveness in North Africa and Italy, 1942–1945 Edited by Andrew L. Hargreaves Patrick J. Rose Matthew C. Ford LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Moving up through Prato, Italy, men of the 370th Infantry Regiment have yet to climb the mount which lies ahead, 04/09/1945. ARC Identifier 531277, NAIL control number NWDNS-111-SC-205289. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Allied fighting effectiveness in North Africa and Italy, 1942-1945 / edited by Andrew L. Hargreaves, Patrick J. Rose, Matthew C. Ford. pages cm. -- (History of warfare) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27523-2 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25570-8 (e-book) 1. World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Mediterranean Region. 2. World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Africa, North. 3. Unified operations (Military science)--History--20th century. 4. Combined operations (Military science)--History--20th century. 5. Tactics--History--20th century. I. Hargreaves, Andrew L., 1981-, editor of compilation. II. Rose, Patrick J., editor of compilation. III. Ford, Matthew C., editor of compilation. D766.A49 2014 940.54'23--dc23 2014010875 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1385-7827 isbn 978-90-04-27523-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-25570-8 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. contents Contents Notes on Contributors vii Introduction 1 Andrew Hargreaves, Patrick Rose and Matthew Ford 1 Coalition Air-Land Doctrine in the North African Campaign: Moving Towards a Single Concept of Operations, June 1942 – March 1943 13 James Hudson 2 A Blueprint for Success: Army-Air Force Co-operation and the Battle for the Mareth Line, 19–29 March 1943 31 Ross Mahoney 3 The Fusion of the North African armée de l’air and the FAFL after Operation TORCH, November 1942 – May 1944 53 Paul Lemaire 4 “When Opportunity Arises”: British Airborne Operations in the Mediterranean 1941–1944 67 John Greenacre 5 Rearguard Action: Eighth Army’s Tactical Response to the German Evacuation of Sicily, July – August 1943 85 Kevin Jones 6 Indian Army Training for the Italian Campaign and Lessons Learnt 103 Alan Jeffreys 7 Learning on the Job: Training the Brazilians for Combat in the Gothic Line 120 Cesar Campiani Maximiano 8 The Quartermaster Corps in the Mediterranean: A Motorized Logistics System 148 Grant T. Weller vi contents 9 British Army Communications in North Africa and Italy from Operation TORCH to the Capture of Rome 170 Simon Godfrey 10 Failures in Command and Control: The Experience of 4th Indian Division at the Second Battle of Cassino, February 1944 188 Christopher Mann 11 Reassessing British Army Command: XIII British Corps in the Fourth Battle of Cassino, May – July 1944 206 Patrick Rose 12 Learning to Exploit Depth: The Application, Evolution and Value of Allied Special Forces in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1945 224 Andrew Hargreaves Conclusion 248 Andrew Hargreaves, Patrick Rose and Matthew Ford Index 253 CCNIAcCJcA1RcTNPc“JcRKcIAcLCcTAGcBScFCcRPcLACAIao9nnnWhhhhhhhhhhhhiaaaeeohhehereenlnnoooor oomhm–BMatddiiasutvaaaaaaaaaaaaaasaareedddnnanvttrnlhra2nsiliienppppppprppppprolersuei olerrrinsottcua FQ9enrns icxgsLMnGsseeeteetttttttttttttJrmdlt nt ehe k nu eoeeeeeeeeeeee uJ wwwCiiueeT unnMiHoorouGnnp f aso prrrrrrrrrrrrms sabeR.AsaAfa rttOnns u cHHHigghrro hnWeiar123456789111ssi2emoirioraeeoi rtdz 012ddnpon nerCt aaa5otnrsmimynsAeinecesrnpofao pe 3rgrrrnostA1lrCo dhr eigggile ycMno9y v oeEna erfmBncoy rtrrr y4fo- Lr1TrCntxheteeearLm 9t22rartoiraiaaipueonao4 4hi tas1SgM–vvvmbl minnn38tnJieoieeeus enuo sMid a:hsssaicmNt rtbtit,,E xny cinoD aAPPCo:cD3iui ed rgyAmTaagrso1ronsse t httmrafr1cs Srihprriao9ian:tptcyiis yi thrcrc4AnAadssenhv ikk4 Cttotnrs Aiiif: Cehi nRRim ”nroeTorm:ieooo g mmcnhtByi 5nss Ihn at-sereet3myAthne ia irtA’aat ensi 1hloaMiarnni4 ps TlneaB Nr8ddhF:epa nmdrTN oo dclMMaA :ihCrr éotizcXcittieaaerairaceheI lt ttbmdtaIEirtt h CaiAIhhorelxo p anB AeeroRfplnnarnww’sr-aefei, ioeire fc isgrEtFFiorap paiincOoov esrnea oa arro hnpar:Cndd n nCla n ecCduosdtearde tmoiat moi I ohrLtottbnpofiaepeno a s 4l saat Fn ytashitni An oshnigfedn r nnF idt Io nG htL:stn Vmh h Mee tLdaaehe r eFifloO m aetBuGaoven preauMaiorn en tnDr otOterttgh lfi haEde p viTAt vci Bieifotsa1 oloreLa0wlicanirorti3eu attrn ntTildaarheeo dOna t eSniosteRo p MfTatan1 CehCn O2acS Heo0a,iriR fa1sne St9 CslStgeo i4hFHinlc c1eto oo–Lh,i rCln,1ie cynM9od, eC 4eJn saBu4,a c yi a lpne y–ttp tSu –6Jltieur 7cAoe loiyf ulof y Og1 f C9ua pR4anseo4stdr s m1a iI9ntte42iao o30l,ny 6F,1s e71,8 9b0J54uru3n–aer1 19y94 14592 4 –4 2M24a18rc8h 1943 13 notes on cNoonttersi bount oCrosntributors vii Notes on Contributors Matthew Ford has a PhD from the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. He is currently a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex. He has previously worked at the University of Hull, Birkbeck College London, King’s College London and the University of Birmingham. He has published in a number of journals including the Journal of Strategic Studies, Small Wars and Insurgencies, War in History, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism and Parameters. He is a former West Point Fellow and winner of the Society for Military History’s Russell F. Weigley Graduate award. His research interests focus on military innovation, socio-technical change, the social construction of military effects and strategy. Simon Godfrey worked for most of his career in marketing. After selling his market research agency and retiring from full time work in 2001, he studied military history at University College London, obtaining an MA in 2003 and a PhD in 2009. He is a Non-executive Director and technical adviser at Brainjuicer Plc. He is the author of British Army Communications in the Second World War: Lifting the Fog of Battle (Bloomsbury Academic, 2013). John Greenacre was a commissioned officer in the British Army for twenty-four years and deployed as a helicopter pilot around the world. He was awarded his PhD in 2009 from the University in Leeds. His thesis examining the development of Britain’s airborne forces during the Second World War was published as Churchill’s Spearhead (Pen & Sword, 2010). He currently works as a battlefield guide across Europe and is an occasional lecturer at the University Campus Suffolk. Andrew Hargreaves is an independent military historian and researcher. He was awarded a PhD from the Department of War Studies, Kings College London in 2009. He is a former West Point Fellow in Military History and a winner of the Society for Military History’s Russell F. Weigley Graduate Award. His most recent publication is Special Operations in World War II – British and American Irregular Warfare (Oklahoma University Press, 2013). viii Notes on Contributors James Hudson is a retired officer from the U.S. Navy who was qualified as a Naval Flight Officer in the EA-6B “Prowler”. He received his PhD from King’s College London in June 2011. He has previously been published in Joint Forces Quarterly. Alan Jeffreys is Senior Curator, Social History at the Imperial War Museum. He is the author of The British Army in the Far East 1941–1945 (Osprey, 2005), joint editor of The Indian Army 1939–1947 (Ashgate, 2012) and is currently working on Training the Indian Army, 1939–1945 (Ashgate, forthcoming). Kevin Jones was awarded his University of London PhD in 2005, and is now an independent scholar and researcher. His most recent publication is ‘A Curb on Ambition: Intelligence and the Planning of Eighth Army’s Liri Valley Offensive, May 1944’ for Intelligence and National Security, while various research activities since have included being the professional research assistant for Denis Smyth’s Deathly Deception. Paul Lemaire is professeur certifié at Valenciennes, a lecturer in aerial strategy and a reservist officer in the French Air Force. He specializes in aviation history and in aerial strategy, writing his master’s degree thesis on “The merging of the North Africa Air Force with FAFL (Free French Air Force ) between 1942 and 1945”. He is also a reserve officer in the French Armée de l’Air and a member of the Institute for Higher National Defense Studies (IHEDN). Ross Mahoney is a PhD candidate at the Centre for War Studies, University of Birmingham where he is examining the career of Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh- Mallory. He is a specialist in Air Power Studies. In 2011, he was a West Point Fellow in Military History at the U.S. Military Academy. Christopher Mann is a senior lecturer in the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and an Honorary Research Fellow in the Department of Scandinavian Studies, University College London. He has written on the Norwegian Army in the Second World War and co-authored Hitler’s Arctic War (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003). notes on contributors ix Cesar Campiani Maximiano was born in São Paulo in 1971 and obtained a PhD in History at the University of São Paulo in 2005. He currently teaches at the Brazilian Army Command and Staff School in Rio de Janeiro. His most recent book is The Brazilian Expeditionary Force 1943–1945, by Osprey Publishing. Patrick Rose received a PhD in War Studies from King’s College London in 2009 for a study of command culture in the British Army between 1919 and 1945. He is a former West Point Fellow in Military History, past winner of the Society for Military History Russell F. Weigley Award, and co-editor and co-author of The Indian Army 1939–1947 – Experience and Development (Ashgate, 2012). Currently employed in the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defence, he has deployed several times to Afghanistan, most recently as Senior Operational Analyst, Task Force Helmand. Grant T. Weller Lieutenant Colonel, USAF (Ph.D., Temple University, 2008), serves in the Pentagon. He is a former Associate Professor of History at the U.S. Air Force Academy, and is co-editor of Harnessing the Heavens: National Defense through Space.