Alliance in Decline: A Study of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1908-23 PDF
Preview Alliance in Decline: A Study of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1908-23
ALLIANCE IN DECLINE A study in Anglo-Japanese relations, 1908-23 This page intentionally left blank ALLIANCE IN DECLINE A study in Anglo-Japanese relations, 1908-23 Ian H. Nish BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC COLLECTIONS Japanese Politics and International Relations B L O O M S B U RY LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Pic 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B3DP 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com First published in 1972 This edition published in 2012 by Bloomsbury Publishing pic ©Ian Nish, 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Ian Nish has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author. Bloomsbury Academic Collections ISSN 2051-0012 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781780935195 (cloth) ISBN: 9781780933191 (Bloomsbury Academic Collections: Japanese Politics and International Relations) ENTIRE COLLECTION ISBN: 9781780933184 (Bloomsbury Academic Collections: Economics, Politics and History of Japan) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Printed and Bound in Great Britain For my mother and in memory of my father This page intentionally left blank FOREWORD THIS is primarily an account of the negotiations leading up to the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1911 and of the working relationship which linked the two countries until the alliance ended a decade later. During this period the alliance, from being a diplomatic instrument limited mainly to north-east Asia and aimed against Russia, developed into something which presented a major problem in the affairs of the southern and eastern Pacific area and consequently became a subject of deep political concern in the United States. The alliance had, as Professor A, L. P. Dennis wrote in the preface to his Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1922, become a part of American foreign relations and 'its disappearance is an important event in American diplomatic history*. The decade under discussion might therefore be described as 'the American phase of the alliance*. I have pleasure in acknowledging the gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen to quote from the papers of King George V in the Royal Archives, Windsor. In addition, I wish to thank the Birmingham University Library for the use of the Chamberlain papers, the Mitchell Library, Sydney, for the Morrison papers, the National Maritime Museum for the Jerram papers, the Scottish Record Office for the Lothian papers and the Sterling Library, New Haven. To the staffs of these and other libraries I am grateful for their tolerance and helpful- ness. My researches have once again been assisted by those mentioned in the Acknowledgements to my earlier volume on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1966). I have in addition benefited greatly from the help of new friends and colleagues, especially Professors Ikei Masaru, Matsuo Takayoshi, Tsuji Kiyoaki, Mr Hagihara Nobutoshi, Captain Malcolm Kennedy, Professor W. Roger Louis, Dr P. C. Lowe, Dr Fay Carter and Mrs Carol Wrattan. In the preparation of this study I have thrice visited the United States and Japan, being supported on the last occasion by a Hayter travel grant. Finally I would say to the staff of vii viii FOREWORD the Athlone Press without fear of contradiction 'Go-kuro sama deshita'. London School of Economics and Political Science I.H.N. July 1971 CONTENTS Abbreviations ix Introduction i I. The Alliance in its International Context, 1908-10 15 ii. Manchuria, Korea and Arbitration, 1910 28 ill. First Steps towards the Third Alliance 45 iv. The Imperial Conference and the Third Alliance 60 v. The Aftermath of the Third Alliance 81 vi. The Alliance and South China, 1913-14 99 vii. The Alliance and the German-Japanese War 115 viii. Anglo-Japanese Campaigns 132 ix. Marking Time in East Asia 158 x. 'The Present Hollow Friendship' 178 XL The Anglo-Japanese Secret Agreement, 1917 196 xii. Effects of American Entry into the War 212 xin. Reversing the Flow, 1918 229 xiv. The Alliance and the End of the War 249 xv. The Alliance in the Year of the Peace-Making 263 xvi. Brave New World in East Asia? 277 xvn. The Alliance and the League of Nations 288 xvin. The Alliance and the United States 305 xix. On the Eve of the Imperial Conference 319 xx. The Imperial Conference 333 xxi. On the Eve of the Washington Conference 354 xxii. The Washington Four-Power Treaty 368 xxiii. Prolonged Funeral 383 Bibliographical note 398 ix
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