Allen, Holberg - CMOS Analog Circuit Design second edition

794 Pages·2009·40.68 MB·English

CMOS Findlog Circuit Design

Second Edition

Douglas R. Holberg

‘cypnal Integrated Products, ine.

‘New York Oxford
OXFORD UNIVERS-TY PRESS
2002
Contents

Pees

Chapter] lmteaductlon and Bachgronid |

M1 Analog Inegretzd-Chouit Desien |
12 Nottian, Symbologs, and Terminolony 6
1S Analog Signal Processing 9
1M Example of Avslog VLSI Mixcd-Signst Cireuit Design 10
ME Summary 15
Problem 16
References 17

Chapter 2 CMOS Technology 18

21 asic MOS Semiconductse Fabrication Processes 19
22 Thepa funetion 29
21 The MOS Trunsisior 36)
1 Passive Components 43
23 colter Considersions of CMOS Tectaology 48
4A torogrtea Cieouit Layout 55
21 Sumaery 66
Problems 8
References 70
aM CONTENTS

Chapter 3 CMOS Nevice Modeling 72

3] _ Simple MOS Large-Signat Matel (SPICE LEVEL
32 Other MOS Large-Signal Model Parameters 79
AD smotsignel Move) for che MOS Transistor 87
54 Computer Simulation Models 92
35° Submhromold MOS Medel 97
JE SPICE Simulation of MOS Circuits 99
SY summary 109

Problems 110

References 112

Chapter 4 finateg CMDS Subeircatts 13
41 Mos swith 113
42 MOS Diode/Active Resistor 124
4A. Curent Sinks and Somrces. 126
44 Curent Minos 134
48° Current and Vollge References. 143
4B Bandgap Reference 153
AY Susamary 150
Problems 158
References 166

Chanter S CHOS Amplifiers 167

51 sverters 164

52. Oiffeeutial Amplifiers 120

53 Concode Amplifiers 199

SA Cument Amplifiers 212

5S Ouepot Amplifiers 218

SG Wigh-Gain Amplifier Architectures 229
. Contents

ST summery 232
Problems 233
References 242

Chapter 6 CHOS Operational Amplifiers 243
81 Design of CMOS Op Amps 244
82 Compinsatinn of Op Amps 254
BS. Design of Two-Stage Op Ampa 269
84 Power-Supply jection Ratio of Two-Stage Op Amps 286
(5 cascode ctpamps 293
EE Simulation and Mensuremeat of Op Arps 310
B7 Macromodels for Op Amps 323
Ba Summary 461
Problems 342
References 348

Chapter 7 High-Performance CHOS Cp Amps 381
WL Battered Op Amps 352
12 High-Speedifrequeney Op Amps 368
74 DifferentaL-Ompst Op Amps 384
14 Micropower Op Amps 293
18. Low-Noise Op amps 402
18 Low-volugeOp Amps 415
1 summary 432
Problems 433
References 437

Chapter 8 Comparatirs 439

Ri charscterizaim of u Comparstor 439
We wo-Stage, Open-Laop Comparators 445
13 other Open-Loop Comparators 461
VU Improving the Performance of Open-Loop Comparators 464
US) Discrete-Time Comparators 475
Mi High-Spere Comparators 483
BY Summary 438
Problems 488
References 491

Chanter 9 Switched Capacitor Circwits 442

M1 Switched Capacitor Caeaity 493
AL Switched Capacitor AmpliGers $07
LD switched Capacitor Integrators 520
V4 Domain Model of Two-Phase Switched Capacitor Cults 532
35 Firs Drter Switched Capacitor Cleuies S44
18 Secoud-OnderSwitohed Capacitor Cirevis 550
BY switened Capacitor Flere 581
32 summary 600
Problems 600
References GIL

Chapter 10 Digital-Aualog anu Analag-Vigital Converters G12

IL toroduetion aud Characterization of Digital-Analog Converts 613
WE Parate Digita-Ansing Lonverers 623

WE Extending the Revol of Parallel Digite!—Analog Converters 635
WS Sera Dighal-Antlog Converters 647

TDS tatroductivn and Characterization of Anslug—Digitl Comvenere 652
IDB. Serial Ausiog-tigtal Converters 665

UY Modiom-tyced analog Diglal Converters 667

WA High-Speed Analog-Ligital Convers 682

WS Overtunpling Converters 698
Contents

TW summary 713
Problems 715
References 729

Hypendi A Ciecuit Analysis for Analog Circuit Design 733
Agent § CMOS Device Characterization 744

Fpenlit € Time and Froquency Domain Relationships
for Second-Crder Systems 768

inten 77
PREFACE

“The objzive ofthe tend ert of ik bk commis foe tach the design oF CMOS
nuke ecu. "The eeching of design eates fis beyind alng erie, of clea wd
Sowing aalsis meds I nelode the neenany Toudsgetal and hacker ful st
ply them in birarehical manna tha a novos cap understand, Probl of m3 impor
‘abet each he concep of desigulng slog lyruod ccs i tha const of CMOS
tectnology. These concep enable he reat oande:stid the operation nf analog CMOS
Secu and knw ow to chang it performance. Wid ays compuler-rzotd inking.
Jt is vial to maimais penoral consol of a desig, t2 know wat wo expect, and i discern
ren sivlon esas ay be misleading AS inieare cet aco mer complet, is
‘octal (kame “how the eeu orks” Simolaiog m Gea! wihou Die understanding. oF
ow i work can Ln to naarous mut,

Wow dees the reader anquize he knowledge of how a cio werk? The aver to this
sain tn bee te siving motvton of the tcond eon of hin tx, There we over
[Emporantstee in he proces. Te fit eum to anayze the ie, The snaps sonal
‘rete sel rms tbat ca be understood and zepplied indifferent comets. The
‘ecund i 0 le alg imegrited circuit design Toru herthicl viewpoint Thi mais
Dat he signers able to vinta how sbciet ar aed fo fe cools nw lec
at med hl cmples cay, mad forth, The i stp st Reh reese
he il help he new dena come p wth webiag desighs Tht has eel in th ch
sion of mung “devgn wecipes” which becune poplar wi he at dion and hae been ex.
nde inthe socava editor. His imperant Si the desigasr elie hat ther esl
Tires utpla oft lctical detgrof CMOS analog cron, Tey are (T}a sche of th
rou, (2) cumea6, ad (5 WL elon Most desiga lows cx ecipes” es be organized
‘wound thes Une outs very sly

‘fhe yeas apo, it was no lea what impertance CMOS technaoyy would have 08
amo cet, Hinsever, as became: very clear tht CMOS techolngy his become the
technology of choke fr unnlg cuit design ina xed-sigtal enviroment, This "cboics
laser weteraiy tha ofthe devin bul of inety tends ht ano se stad teh
olpies a raplemon wb cise along ls cig tal eral. As vol, the Bet elon
SE CMOS Analog Goeut Des Tufld a pad fra eat is area beter here wece on
‘her teas on hs suet. Irs Found extensive se (a Industry ant bas been wed a elas:
tua all ver the world Like the Sct edion th std eit Ga ale chose oct i
tlhe BIT technolog The wisdom of tis coi wil be seca ashe years progres. The so.
tnd edi haa bees developed wits te gol of exzendiog the sergio the Hat etm,
ney ia the ares of analog Gicltesign insight and concept,
*

magne

‘Theseus las bet lng nein coring bl ise a3 wage bending
of indusey and aeudemie Tis Bending bas necuned er the pst 18 year Im how out
‘aug yd frst ant, var 50 shor cote hava Baan gh froma che ego mc
1500 engioes allover the world lo est short course, the engineers demtar ded to ude
stand te concep and insight fe desigrng anlog CMOS ciel and much of ie ropense
‘oes demands been inch in Ua tee0od etn kn aio ta their pat
the second edition. ee ators be taught tis make wt Georgia hthute af Teshaoiogy
le Cates of Tes at Aust Ove fe past LS Years Teexpvince hs provided
iasight it ar bem includ 9 Har wend tin Sythe viewpoints ad Ue
‘ueions, Ala, be ace ppleason af ts macro has enced a Inge body of pao
lethat hae en given 6 and hase a been acted nha cand ans The ek
‘ion tad 335 problems, Te stead ston has aver SUD prblems, aad orto how a
‘ne toe acon een

‘The audio: fore second eon i xseotily the same a for dhe fie edn. The
‘s edtion wer very usefel to thnse beginning 2 ener in CMOS aazg design—-rany oF
‘wh Rave comrauniited a Ie aurea teal has Sem rel eeceme int fly
wor The record elon should comme be of value w both new wl eperearedePah-
rent In edesry. Wee pociles ar coor del wuld never Recome once een
hough wchnotogy cranses.

"The socond anceace Is he claytcom, The ap of qualia sta ocx he Fld
‘of analog CMOS devign bas not mt the demand from indus. Cr hope thal he socond
‘eon wil provide Boh inezuciors and studems wth 2 too tar wil help Fl ln de
‘and. I ade To blp fasta ti objec, uth authors ina websites tat pea the
dmg aioodng of short cra: cure slides, swt course schekes so ets, lass Maes, an
‘robert and soltcas ia pe format. cre information ean be found a words 8.08
(28. Allen) and wow holterg.ceg (DR. Hoes). These wes we coataua updaed, and
‘he oder or tractive a maki eof enfin nd eaching tides comaoed
onthe ss.

“Tre seenad mln has round eteosive changes. Thee changes ne the moving
of Cnapier {oF tho Be livon we Appeadin B of i sto elon Tae cumpartcr chip
fer of te Best edidon way bef he op sap charred a been ted ait the op
nm cheers. Tn the 1S gears sie the Fst sti, the cpt ham heat me Wh
Sense amin an es ik a op ap without conupeaation, A jo change hat bon he
lncerporston of Chigter 9 on svc capecine circus. There we two reasons fr this
Sched capacitors ae very eppowtant inaralog ccs an sysenn desig, end hi infor
rani i needed for maay ofthe analog-dgtal wo Uigal-aralog someriers of Couper 1D.
(Chnper 11 of heft tom ho been Ceonped. Them wee pono replat wth 3 chair
on and stems incloing phase-locked lope and VOOs bat Hime id et allow tis 0 De
sealized The problem of the send edition ce uretdzed la sections aa have beet de>
‘Senet a winlrce nnd entand he vnc sl prin atetalela paticular ap

‘Toe Marche erganizationof he second edn sine 2 Table (2. Chap b
rica tho material noeasry to izodoor CMOS anafog circuit sign. The sBaper pics
in avervew ofthe subject of CMOS mnlog cleat design defines ctatin and eaeveaton
nog tee aevey of slog ial proeceting, od goes an cremple of taalog CMOS do-
Slim eitheynphasson the Bierce ape of hese Cees 2a 3 Fr he i Go
analog CMOS design by covering te subjeet of CMUS tecmology end medling. Chapter
teslewe CMOS leomatony oe angled vo MOS. devies, yo functlac, geese cmmporen
‘couple with CMOS exhonkogy, wel uli ganpels ach 2 a wn bate
Prelace oY

BT and lachup. This chapter luo Stcludey a tection othe impact of inert cea
yout Tas portion of the Xt shows tht he physical design of ke iterated crcl ie 35
inggorunt asthe elecrcal desiga, end mary goed eben desins can be Tuned by poue
physial design o¢ layout. Chapter 3 iaaduccs the Key mbinci of modeling, which fs used
thysuphaut the remainder af he text (o pro le pectmanoe of CMOS eit The fous
of tis chat st inmeduce & model that is good enough to pret the perfomance af +
(CMOS cet to wthin 10% fo =20% and wl allow the des|gnar Sigh ad underran-
ing. Cooper simulans ea be ued 2 mows erty mode tho crating any
Act innpi orndestanding of the cia The model in hi chnpter ied the MOSFET
pe sigat! and small-signal models, ineluding equeney dependence. (nation, hve fe
smell tbe noise ard emperature dependence of MOSFET unl compat pusive semeats
‘thou. Ti capter wo discusses comput vimlaton andes. Tis upc fa too com
pled forthe scope his book, but some of he bare eas ane pretemed ao thatthe reader can
tppeciatecempute simulation made. ter models forthe subdreshold aperation a pre
sented along wth how couse SPICE fox compar skaion of MOSFET crv

Chay 4 al $ vepreset the taper of sabeiruis and spl tht willbe nse to
design ere complen analog cu, such aa un op amp. Chapir 4 navers Ge use ef the
MOSFET asa switch Followed by de MOS dode rate rsisto Thay cabeirufs of cP
ent siaks/owcet and SUE ror: ae posed nen, These subciais peri eis
Latioe uf imponact design chnoests such as negative feedback, desig trodes, and msc
ing principles. nally. chia ebaper presents incependent voltage nnd cure referer 88 AK
the andgep vag ference. Thea references elem to provide 2 waloge rt eure tht
Indepenien of pover supply exdterapeature, Chgter 3 Oeelops varios pena eopiSes
‘eae amplifiers aw charaeized fom thei large-signal and sralbsignl performance, im
lating ose and bawwidG whore anprepriste. Th categorie of amplifies inchude the
vent, iffereml, cascode, current and obtptca\plifers. Tt las section discusses how
igh gain anetitirs could imple fru the amplifier blocs of Ui pte

Chaper6, 7, an epesent examples of complex ana crcl, Chaplet inreaces
the dexign of «simple Cuensage op sow. This op amp is used to develop ie piiples of
compensation necessary for ibe op an tbe vet The ewossage op amp Ls used 1D for
‘mally preset mothods of devigning this type of analog ccc. Ths chapter sls examines the
design of the cacede op aps, parcolry the foled-cascode op amp. This chapter cor-
lade tha dixowion of tecbeiques ta meus and simbla op amps and macromodel
‘Marmedels cam be asc tomo ete simulate op amps at higher levee abstection.
‘Chapter 7 presents the pbjec of high-perfomance op amps, In uns chaplervatous perfor
snarees ofthe ample op nary are optimized quite often at ha expease ul oer perorenanee
Aesth, The pir ince hatred upto ampe,bighfoquency op amp, dilerentiy.
cutput op amps low-power ap urns low aul op anps, and loy-wallsge op smps.Chpesr
rstent the opetfoop comparator, which fx an op ump without compencaon, Thit
Fellowod by methods of designing this typeof corpo for inear ox sewing espuases,
Mieke ad improving the performance of pero compares, ineluding suering and
byseresis ar presemted. Finally, this chaperdeseabesregenertive comparator and haw
they ean be combined wit low-gun, high-speed amplifers io achlove compara with 2
sary short progegaion de delay

Cinptee 9 and 10 focus on anslog ystene. Chapter 9 Is corpltsly new and presets
the tntg of switched capaci cle, The eamceps of asic capacitor ae presented
along ith such ovis a8 the switched capactar amplifier and integrator. Mette uaa
Iyring and sealing switched capacitor elicats ae given, and first-order and secoed-onder
ot

PREFACE

iced capacitor croule art used ve design various Sher using cascade and fuer ap-
prowshicn Chapter 9 conrlaes with antalinsing Pers, which ae eed by all swine
‘apuctr cious, Chipler 0 coves ta pics uf CMOS git analog und untug digital
‘oer, Digil-anaog converte ace preseted nesonding to Aci vant of sling it
relirence ad ile wala eoren, an vonge dptl-analo covet. Nex, mers
of exending the reolaive of cpt ‘analog coweres ar given. ie aalog ight co
‘erry are did Imo Nya and oversampling converters. The Nygaist eaten ax poe
seta ascerting to tet spd of uperaton slo, medina fs. Fiaaly, who uber! oF
‘ovsampled anaiog-digial and d.gial~analog eowvenere i presered. These converters
allow bigh resluion and sre very compatible wth CMOS technlogy.

“The appondios cover Oe tps ef cai aneys methods for CMOS atalog crits,
(©2405 device characterization (ss evenly chante 4 ofthe rat editoo) sl tine ad
“rsquency drain ninship or somone em,

"Tae ate ofthe sown eflion i tore than eaconcfor a Swenk coc, Depeauing
‘pen bs backgzoand of he ates, x Shovepepavee, 1S meekowoxser cove cou
lie para aplers2and 3, Hheger hugh perso hier, and Chapler&, Coape
1er9 aid IO gould be wad a5 parc ofthe inl fora couse om analog Sypems At Goerpa
“Tee, histou Lnsed slang with he forth eden of Anal)as and Daign af Analg grated
Cie a twosome os tha eave bith BJT and CMOS wel IC eign. hag
9 and Ware ued fr shoot 10% of afemeser cow on analog IC systems deg.

"The backround aeocasry foe this et ib mgood utersiting of baie cledrorcs,
‘Topics of imporeee includ lrge-sigaal models. basing, soull-signel moves requey
eponse, Fecdbach, aad op np It would ako be hela to have good bazkground
semiconductor devices and how they opera, itgzted cine procesdng,simuaion wing
‘SPICE. and madaliog of MOSFETs Wi his background the adr could tart at Capes 4
vt il problen

“Th rite soul ket expres thee apgrorinion ani rt esate many ivi
ais sho have contitte to Re development ofthe spond eon, Thee acd bot ue
Aeteudoaie wad grb nade cha have Died the Lt elon eal offered comoecs,
‘ggmsions and eomasions. Kalu inclu Br over [0D inlanlpticpey wh, over
the fas 1S peas, have anzoded a ane-weok coure 08 staple, We tkenk them for Lie
sccungeroet, plane, and saqgerone. We aso appreciate te tadhack and comecion:
‘rom man individuals ainsi and aeadrnn Nor lide The ina rem tase Wa hate
ead apd used he pelinary edition Is paul appccinod. In ptcolr, he utors woul
1k taunt Tom DiGiacomo, Babck Aria, and Michel Hocker fx providing uf feed
tack oo the no oitoo. Te cular praofllyacknowlodge he ptiznce nod eoocurtgemert
of Pe Gordo, ExevuGve Bator of Engineering, Sccozs and Computer Sexnce of Ontos
Univesiy, Pres daring the deve-opment of the second eon and =e frm bat gente sbep-
berdicg ofthe cond edition “rongt ibe prodtaion phat ty tne prjct edie. Jesh
Collin, Leal, he asingee of Marge Behe i bebping 3 eta Work amocaned wilh
the preptraion ad teaching ofthe second edition is wrealy approved.

Philip Allen
Aden, GA

‘Douglas R Holherg
Austin, TX