Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry: Proceedings of the III International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry, Dharwad, India, 18–21 August 1998 PDF
Preview Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry: Proceedings of the III International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry, Dharwad, India, 18–21 August 1998
ALLELOPATHY IN ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry Proceedings of the III International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry, Dharwad, India, 18-21 August 1998 Edited by S.S. Narwal R.E. Hoagland R.H. Dilday and M.J. Reigosa SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-5817-9 ISBN 978-94-011-4173-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4173-4 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents Vll Preface IX Listofcontributors SECTIONI.ECOLOGICALAGRICULTURE 1. Proceedingsofconference 11 2. Allelopathyinecologicalagriculture S.S. Narwal 33 3. Allelopathicstrategiesfor eco-friendlycropproduction S. FacknathandB. Lalljee 47 4. Allelopathicinteractions insoil B. Lalljee andS. Facknath 59 5. Eco-friendly technologies formanagementofphytoparasiticnematodes inpulses andvegetablecrops VijayalakshmiMojumder SECTIONII. ALLELOCHEMICALSASHERBICIDES 73 6. Plantandmicrobialcompoundsasherbicides Robert, E. Hoagland, Stephen1. Cutler 101 7. Discovery ofthe triketone class ofHPPD inhibiting herbicides and theirrelationship tonaturallyoccurringB-triketones Christopher G. Knudsen, David I. Lee, William 1. Michaely, Hsiao Ling Chin, Nhan H, Nguyen, Ronald 1. Rusay, Thomas H. Cromartie, ReedGray, ByronH. Lake,TorquilE. M. FraserandDavidCartwright 113 8. Phytotoxinsaspotentialherbicides Fumio Sugawara VI 9. Evaluation of selected pharmaceuticals as potential herbicides 129 bridgingthe gapbetweenagrochernicalsandpharmaceuticals Stephenl Cutler,RobertE.HoaglandandHoraceG. Cutler SECTIONIII.MULTIPLE CROPPINGSYSTEMS 10. Allelopathic interactionsinmultiplecroppingsystems 141 S.S. Narwal II. Prospectsofallelopathic researchinmulti-storeycroppingsystems 159 Jacob JohnandA.M.Nair SECTIONIV.AGROFORESTRYSYSTEMS 12. Allelopathicinteractionsinforests 183 MJ. Reigosa, L. Gonzalez, X.C. SoutoandlE. Pastoriza 13. Allelopathicinteractionsinagroforestrysystems 195 A.S. GillandlV.N. S. Prasad 14. AllelopathicresearchinagroforestrysystemsofSouthIndia 209 C.S. Hunshal,H.T. Channal,A.R. AlagawadiandR.H. Patil 15. Treeallelopathyinagroforestry 229 M. Parmathama,lA. AmalandM. Rajkumar 16. Toxic allelochemicals in leguminous forages and their ecological 237 significance S.S. Parihar SECTIONV.APPENDICES I. Organizingcommitteesofcongress 247 II. Technicalprogrammeofcongress 249 III. Listofparticipantsincongress 257 SECTIONVI.INDEXES I. Subjectindex 263 II. Authorindex 267 PREFACE The rapidly growing human populationhas increasedthe dependence on fossil fuel based agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides to produce the required agricultural and forestry products. This has exerted a great pressure on the non renewable fossil fuel resources, which cannot last indefinitely. Besides, indiscriminate use ofpesticidesforpests(weeds, insects, nematodes, pathogens)controlhas resulted in serious ecological and environmental problems viz., (A) Increasing incidence of resistance in pest organisms to important pesticides. (B) Shift in pests population, particulary in weeds and insects. In weeds, species that are more closely related to the crops they infest have developed. In insects, scenario is most grim, the predators have been killed and minor insect pests have become major pests and require very heavy dosesofhighlytoxic insecticidesfortheircontrol. (C) Greaterenvironmental pollution and health hazards (a) particularly from contamination of surface and underground drinking water resources and (b) from their inhalation during handling and application. (D) Toxic residues ofpesticides pollute the environment and may prove hazardous to even our future generations. (E) Some agricultural commodities may contain minute quantities ofpesticides residues, with longtenn adverse effects on human and livestock health. Therefore,serious ecological questions aboutthe reliance on pesticides for pests controlhasbeenraised. The use of fertilizers, besides causing environmental problems has also impoverished the soil health and decreased the beneficial soil fauna. For example, in somemajorcroprotations viz., Rice-wheat, in last 10years, theyieldsofbothcropshas reachedplateauandhaveratherstarteddeclininginmanyeastAsian countries including India, despitetheapplicationoffull dose ofplantnutrients. Hence such practicesare not sustainable over long periods. In India, crops are being grown since ancient times, withoutdamage to the environment, butthe use ofagrochemicals duringthe short span of last fifty years have raised serious doubts about their continuous use. One safe alternative to overcomethese problems is the use ofallelopathy to sustain development in agriculture and forestry and maintain clean environment for our future generations. Studies have shown a great potential of allelopathy to increase productivity of field crops, vegetables, fruits/forestry trees, fisheries, etc. using allelochemicals as growth regulators, pesticides and using stimulatory allelopathic effects in agriculture. Besides, it aims at reducing environmental pollution and maintaining an ecological balance in fauna and flora through reduced use of agrochemcials, [nitrogenous fertilizers and pesticides (weedicides, nematicides, insecticides and fungicides)] and substitutingthem withbiologicalnitrogenfixation, natural(plantandmicrobial)products, allelochemicals and phytochemicals free from all problems arising from the use of agrochemicals. Hence allelcpathy may be used in agronomy, plant protection (weed control, entomology, nematology, plant pathology), forestry, horticulture, vegetable crops, soil science, plant breeding, agri-biotechnology, genetics, fisheries, aquaculture, etc. vii viii Allelopathyinecologicalagricultureandforestry Therefore, in the 21st century, allelopathy may become the backbone ofthe strategies for sustainability ofEcological Agriculture and Forestry to develop it further. In many countries, use of such practices have eliminated or drastically reduced the use of agrochemicalstomakeAgricultureandForestrysustainableoverlongperiods. This conference aimed at bringing together active allelopathy scientists from all overthe world, toreview the progress, identifyconstraints and plan for the future to provide momentum to applied aspects ofthis important field ofresearch in agriculture and forestry for the development of technology to make Ecological Agriculture successful for our future generations. The scientific programme of this Conference consisted of six symposia viz., (1) Crop allelopathy, (2) Cropping systems, (3) Agroforestry and Forestry, (4) Allelochemicals, (5) Plant protection and (6) Ecological Agriculture. During the Conference, inaugural lecture was delivered by Prof. R.H. Dilday, "Father ofRice Allelopathy", USDA-ARS, National Rice Germplasm Centre, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA. The Congress was inaugurated by Minister for Cooperation, Government of Kamataka and presided over by Prof. M. Mahadeveppa, Vice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharward, Kamataka, India. In the Congress, there were 122 presentations (29 Invited Lectures, 93 Contributory papers). This book contains only Invited Lectures and Contributory papers are being published separately in Allelopathy Journal. It is hoped that information contained in these chapters would be beneficial to readers and would help in the development of EcologicalAgriculture. Duringthe shortspanofeightyears, the Indian Society ofAllelopathy(ISAL) has strengthened the science ofAllelopathy in India. Till now, it has organised three International Conferences viz., I National Symposium on Allelopathy in Agroecosystems, February, 1992 at Hisar, Chief guest was Prof. E.L. Rice, USA. II International Symposium on Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Environment, September 1996 atNew Delhi, ChiefGuest was Prof. G.R.Waller, USA. III International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry, August, 1998 at Dharwad, Chief Guest was Prof. R.H. Dilday, USA. The IV International Congress has been planned for 2001. The ISAL is thankful to Prof. M. Mahadeveppa, Vice-Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for hosting this Conference and to Prof. CJ. Una1, Director of Research, Organising Secretary and his team of scientists. The fmancial assistance received from various funding agencies is thankfully acknowledged. We are also thankful to Indian and Foreign participantsto participate in this Conference and for revising their manuscripts promptly. SSN is grateful to Profs. R.E. Hoagland, R.H. Dilday and MJ. Reigosa for organising their symposia very well and for editing the manuscripts from their symposia. SSN is also thankful to his family members for encouragement and moral supportduringtheorganizationofthisCongress. November 1,1999. Editors LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ALAGAWAD!, A R FRASER,TORQUILE. M. DepartmentofAgronomy, ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., UniversityofAgriculturalSciences, Richmond,CA94804,USA DhlllWad- 580005,Kamataka,India GILL,A.S. AMAL, 1.A. DivisionofCropProduction, ForestCollegeandResearchInstitute, IndianGrasslandandFodderResearch TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity, Institute,Jhansi-284003,India Mettupalayam641 301,India GONZALEZ, L. CARTWRIGHT,DAVID DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience, ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo Richmond, CA94804,USA 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain CHANNAL,HT. GRAYREED DepartmentofAgronomy, ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., UniversityofAgriculturalSciences, Richmond, CA94804,USA DhlllWad- 580005,Kamataka,India HOAGLAND, ROBERTE. CHIN,HSIAO-LING NaturalProductsDiscoveryGroup, ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., SouthernSchoolofPharmacy,Mercer Richmond,CA94804,USA University,3001 MercerUniversityDrive, Atlanta,Georgia30341,USA CROMARTIE,THOMAS H. ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., HOAGLAND,ROBERT E. Richmond,CA94804,USA USDA-ARS, SouthernWeed ScienceResearch Unit,Stoneville,Mississippi38776 USA CUlLER, HORACEG. NaturalProductsDiscoveryGroup, HUNSHAL,C.S. SouthernSchoolofPharmacy, DepartmentofAgronomy, MercerUniversity, UniversityofAgriculturalSciences, 3001 MercerUniversityDrive, DhlllWad- 580005,Kamataka,India Atlanta,Georgia30341,USA JOHNJACOB CUlLER, STEPHEN1. DepartmentofAgronomy NaturalProductsDiscoveryGroup, CollegeofAgriculture, SouthernSchoolofPharmacy, Vellayani695522, MercerUniversity, Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India 3001 MercerUniversityDrive, Atlanta,Georgia30341,USA KNUDSEN,CHRISTOPHER G. ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., FACKNATH,S. Richmond,CA94804,USA FacultyofAgriculture,Universityof Mauritius, Reduit,Mauritius. LAKE,BYRON H. ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., Richmond, CA94804,USA ix x Allelopathyinecologicalagricultureandforestry LALLJEE,B. PATa,RH FacultyofAgriculture,Universityof DepartmentofAgronomy, Mauritius,Reduit,Mauritius UniversityofAgriculturalSciences, Dhanvad- 580005,Kamataka,India LEE,DAVID L. ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., PRASAD,lV.N.S. Richmond,CA94804,USA DivisionofCropProduction, IndianGrasslandandFodderResearch MICHAELY,WILLIAM 1 Institute,Jhansi-284003,India ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., Richmond,CA94804,USA RAJKUMAR, M. ForestCollegeandResearchInstitute, NAIR,A.M. TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity, DepartmentofAgronomy Mettupalayam641 301,India CollegeofAgriculture, Vellayani695522 REIGOSA, M.1 Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience, FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo NARWAL, S. S. 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain DepartmentofAgronomy, CCSHaryanaAgriculturalUniversity, RUSAY,RONALDJ. Hisar- 125004,India ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., Richmond,CA94804,USA NGUYEN,NHAN H. ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., SOUTO,X.C. Richmond,CA94804,USA DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience, FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo PARAMATHMA,M. 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain ForestCollegeandResearchInstitute, TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity, SUGAWARA,F. Mettupalayam641 301,India DepartmentofAppliedBiologicalScience, ResearchInstitutesforScienceandTechnology, PARIHAR, S. S. ScienceUniversityofTokyo,Noda, DivisionofGrasslandandSilvipasture, Chiba278-851O, Japan IndianGrasslandandFodderResearch Institute, Jhansi-284003,India VIJAYALAKSHMIMOJUMDER DivisionofNematology, PASTORIZA,J.E. IndianAgriculturalResearchInstitute, DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience, NewDelhi-110012,India FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain SECTION I ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE
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