Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry: Proceedings of the III International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry, Dharwad, India, 18–21 August 1998

258 Pages·2000·8.07 MB·English

by  S. S. Narwal

ALLELOPATHY IN ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Allelopathy in Ecological
Agriculture and Forestry
Proceedings of the III International Congress on Allelopathy in
Ecological Agriculture and Forestry, Dharwad, India,
18-21 August 1998
Edited by
S.S. Narwal
R.E. Hoagland
R.H. Dilday
and
M.J. Reigosa
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-5817-9 ISBN 978-94-011-4173-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4173-4
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Vll
Preface
IX
Listofcontributors
SECTIONI.ECOLOGICALAGRICULTURE
1. Proceedingsofconference
11
2. Allelopathyinecologicalagriculture
S.S. Narwal
33
3. Allelopathicstrategiesfor eco-friendlycropproduction
S. FacknathandB. Lalljee
47
4. Allelopathicinteractions insoil
B. Lalljee andS. Facknath
59
5. Eco-friendly technologies formanagementofphytoparasiticnematodes
inpulses andvegetablecrops
VijayalakshmiMojumder
SECTIONII. ALLELOCHEMICALSASHERBICIDES
73
6. Plantandmicrobialcompoundsasherbicides
Robert, E. Hoagland, Stephen1. Cutler
101
7. Discovery ofthe triketone class ofHPPD inhibiting herbicides and
theirrelationship tonaturallyoccurringB-triketones
Christopher G. Knudsen, David I. Lee, William 1. Michaely, Hsiao
Ling Chin, Nhan H, Nguyen, Ronald 1. Rusay, Thomas H. Cromartie,
ReedGray, ByronH. Lake,TorquilE. M. FraserandDavidCartwright
113
8. Phytotoxinsaspotentialherbicides
Fumio Sugawara
VI
9. Evaluation of selected pharmaceuticals as potential herbicides 129
bridgingthe gapbetweenagrochernicalsandpharmaceuticals
Stephenl Cutler,RobertE.HoaglandandHoraceG. Cutler
SECTIONIII.MULTIPLE CROPPINGSYSTEMS
10. Allelopathic interactionsinmultiplecroppingsystems 141
S.S. Narwal
II. Prospectsofallelopathic researchinmulti-storeycroppingsystems 159
Jacob JohnandA.M.Nair
SECTIONIV.AGROFORESTRYSYSTEMS
12. Allelopathicinteractionsinforests 183
MJ. Reigosa, L. Gonzalez, X.C. SoutoandlE. Pastoriza
13. Allelopathicinteractionsinagroforestrysystems 195
A.S. GillandlV.N. S. Prasad
14. AllelopathicresearchinagroforestrysystemsofSouthIndia 209
C.S. Hunshal,H.T. Channal,A.R. AlagawadiandR.H. Patil
15. Treeallelopathyinagroforestry 229
M. Parmathama,lA. AmalandM. Rajkumar
16. Toxic allelochemicals in leguminous forages and their ecological 237
significance
S.S. Parihar
SECTIONV.APPENDICES
I. Organizingcommitteesofcongress 247
II. Technicalprogrammeofcongress 249
III. Listofparticipantsincongress 257
SECTIONVI.INDEXES
I. Subjectindex 263
II. Authorindex 267
PREFACE
The rapidly growing human populationhas increasedthe dependence on fossil
fuel based agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides to produce the required
agricultural and forestry products. This has exerted a great pressure on the non
renewable fossil fuel resources, which cannot last indefinitely. Besides, indiscriminate
use ofpesticidesforpests(weeds, insects, nematodes, pathogens)controlhas resulted in
serious ecological and environmental problems viz., (A) Increasing incidence of
resistance in pest organisms to important pesticides. (B) Shift in pests population,
particulary in weeds and insects. In weeds, species that are more closely related to the
crops they infest have developed. In insects, scenario is most grim, the predators have
been killed and minor insect pests have become major pests and require very heavy
dosesofhighlytoxic insecticidesfortheircontrol. (C) Greaterenvironmental pollution
and health hazards (a) particularly from contamination of surface and underground
drinking water resources and (b) from their inhalation during handling and application.
(D) Toxic residues ofpesticides pollute the environment and may prove hazardous to
even our future generations. (E) Some agricultural commodities may contain minute
quantities ofpesticides residues, with longtenn adverse effects on human and livestock
health. Therefore,serious ecological questions aboutthe reliance on pesticides for pests
controlhasbeenraised.
The use of fertilizers, besides causing environmental problems has also
impoverished the soil health and decreased the beneficial soil fauna. For example, in
somemajorcroprotations viz., Rice-wheat, in last 10years, theyieldsofbothcropshas
reachedplateauandhaveratherstarteddeclininginmanyeastAsian countries including
India, despitetheapplicationoffull dose ofplantnutrients. Hence such practicesare not
sustainable over long periods. In India, crops are being grown since ancient times,
withoutdamage to the environment, butthe use ofagrochemicals duringthe short span
of last fifty years have raised serious doubts about their continuous use. One safe
alternative to overcomethese problems is the use ofallelopathy to sustain development
in agriculture and forestry and maintain clean environment for our future generations.
Studies have shown a great potential of allelopathy to increase productivity of field
crops, vegetables, fruits/forestry trees, fisheries, etc. using allelochemicals as growth
regulators, pesticides and using stimulatory allelopathic effects in agriculture. Besides,
it aims at reducing environmental pollution and maintaining an ecological balance in
fauna and flora through reduced use of agrochemcials, [nitrogenous fertilizers and
pesticides (weedicides, nematicides, insecticides and fungicides)] and substitutingthem
withbiologicalnitrogenfixation, natural(plantandmicrobial)products, allelochemicals
and phytochemicals free from all problems arising from the use of agrochemicals.
Hence allelcpathy may be used in agronomy, plant protection (weed control,
entomology, nematology, plant pathology), forestry, horticulture, vegetable crops, soil
science, plant breeding, agri-biotechnology, genetics, fisheries, aquaculture, etc.
vii
viii Allelopathyinecologicalagricultureandforestry
Therefore, in the 21st century, allelopathy may become the backbone ofthe strategies
for sustainability ofEcological Agriculture and Forestry to develop it further. In many
countries, use of such practices have eliminated or drastically reduced the use of
agrochemicalstomakeAgricultureandForestrysustainableoverlongperiods.
This conference aimed at bringing together active allelopathy scientists from
all overthe world, toreview the progress, identifyconstraints and plan for the future to
provide momentum to applied aspects ofthis important field ofresearch in agriculture
and forestry for the development of technology to make Ecological Agriculture
successful for our future generations. The scientific programme of this Conference
consisted of six symposia viz., (1) Crop allelopathy, (2) Cropping systems, (3)
Agroforestry and Forestry, (4) Allelochemicals, (5) Plant protection and (6) Ecological
Agriculture. During the Conference, inaugural lecture was delivered by Prof. R.H.
Dilday, "Father ofRice Allelopathy", USDA-ARS, National Rice Germplasm Centre,
Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA. The Congress was inaugurated by Minister for Cooperation,
Government of Kamataka and presided over by Prof. M. Mahadeveppa, Vice
Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharward, Kamataka, India. In the
Congress, there were 122 presentations (29 Invited Lectures, 93 Contributory papers).
This book contains only Invited Lectures and Contributory papers are being published
separately in Allelopathy Journal. It is hoped that information contained in these
chapters would be beneficial to readers and would help in the development of
EcologicalAgriculture.
Duringthe shortspanofeightyears, the Indian Society ofAllelopathy(ISAL)
has strengthened the science ofAllelopathy in India. Till now, it has organised three
International Conferences viz., I National Symposium on Allelopathy in
Agroecosystems, February, 1992 at Hisar, Chief guest was Prof. E.L. Rice, USA.
II International Symposium on Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and
Environment, September 1996 atNew Delhi, ChiefGuest was Prof. G.R.Waller, USA.
III International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry,
August, 1998 at Dharwad, Chief Guest was Prof. R.H. Dilday, USA. The IV
International Congress has been planned for 2001. The ISAL is thankful to Prof. M.
Mahadeveppa, Vice-Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for
hosting this Conference and to Prof. CJ. Una1, Director of Research, Organising
Secretary and his team of scientists. The fmancial assistance received from various
funding agencies is thankfully acknowledged. We are also thankful to Indian and
Foreign participantsto participate in this Conference and for revising their manuscripts
promptly. SSN is grateful to Profs. R.E. Hoagland, R.H. Dilday and MJ. Reigosa for
organising their symposia very well and for editing the manuscripts from their
symposia. SSN is also thankful to his family members for encouragement and moral
supportduringtheorganizationofthisCongress.
November 1,1999. Editors
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ALAGAWAD!, A R FRASER,TORQUILE. M.
DepartmentofAgronomy, ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt.,
UniversityofAgriculturalSciences, Richmond,CA94804,USA
DhlllWad- 580005,Kamataka,India
GILL,A.S.
AMAL, 1.A. DivisionofCropProduction,
ForestCollegeandResearchInstitute, IndianGrasslandandFodderResearch
TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity, Institute,Jhansi-284003,India
Mettupalayam641 301,India
GONZALEZ, L.
CARTWRIGHT,DAVID DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience,
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo
Richmond, CA94804,USA 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain
CHANNAL,HT. GRAYREED
DepartmentofAgronomy, ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt.,
UniversityofAgriculturalSciences, Richmond, CA94804,USA
DhlllWad- 580005,Kamataka,India
HOAGLAND, ROBERTE.
CHIN,HSIAO-LING NaturalProductsDiscoveryGroup,
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., SouthernSchoolofPharmacy,Mercer
Richmond,CA94804,USA University,3001 MercerUniversityDrive,
Atlanta,Georgia30341,USA
CROMARTIE,THOMAS H.
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., HOAGLAND,ROBERT E.
Richmond,CA94804,USA USDA-ARS, SouthernWeed ScienceResearch
Unit,Stoneville,Mississippi38776 USA
CUlLER, HORACEG.
NaturalProductsDiscoveryGroup, HUNSHAL,C.S.
SouthernSchoolofPharmacy, DepartmentofAgronomy,
MercerUniversity, UniversityofAgriculturalSciences,
3001 MercerUniversityDrive, DhlllWad- 580005,Kamataka,India
Atlanta,Georgia30341,USA
JOHNJACOB
CUlLER, STEPHEN1. DepartmentofAgronomy
NaturalProductsDiscoveryGroup, CollegeofAgriculture,
SouthernSchoolofPharmacy, Vellayani695522,
MercerUniversity, Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India
3001 MercerUniversityDrive,
Atlanta,Georgia30341,USA KNUDSEN,CHRISTOPHER G.
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt.,
FACKNATH,S. Richmond,CA94804,USA
FacultyofAgriculture,Universityof
Mauritius, Reduit,Mauritius. LAKE,BYRON H.
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt.,
Richmond, CA94804,USA
ix
x Allelopathyinecologicalagricultureandforestry
LALLJEE,B. PATa,RH
FacultyofAgriculture,Universityof DepartmentofAgronomy,
Mauritius,Reduit,Mauritius UniversityofAgriculturalSciences,
Dhanvad- 580005,Kamataka,India
LEE,DAVID L.
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., PRASAD,lV.N.S.
Richmond,CA94804,USA DivisionofCropProduction,
IndianGrasslandandFodderResearch
MICHAELY,WILLIAM 1 Institute,Jhansi-284003,India
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt.,
Richmond,CA94804,USA RAJKUMAR, M.
ForestCollegeandResearchInstitute,
NAIR,A.M. TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity,
DepartmentofAgronomy Mettupalayam641 301,India
CollegeofAgriculture,
Vellayani695522 REIGOSA, M.1
Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience,
FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo
NARWAL, S. S. 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain
DepartmentofAgronomy,
CCSHaryanaAgriculturalUniversity, RUSAY,RONALDJ.
Hisar- 125004,India ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt.,
Richmond,CA94804,USA
NGUYEN,NHAN H.
ZenecaAgProducts, 1200S.47thSt., SOUTO,X.C.
Richmond,CA94804,USA DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience,
FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo
PARAMATHMA,M. 874,Vigo-E36200,Spain
ForestCollegeandResearchInstitute,
TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity, SUGAWARA,F.
Mettupalayam641 301,India DepartmentofAppliedBiologicalScience,
ResearchInstitutesforScienceandTechnology,
PARIHAR, S. S. ScienceUniversityofTokyo,Noda,
DivisionofGrasslandandSilvipasture, Chiba278-851O, Japan
IndianGrasslandandFodderResearch
Institute, Jhansi-284003,India VIJAYALAKSHMIMOJUMDER
DivisionofNematology,
PASTORIZA,J.E. IndianAgriculturalResearchInstitute,
DepartmentofPlantBiologyandSoilScience, NewDelhi-110012,India
FacultyofScience,UniversityofVigo,Apdo
874,Vigo-E36200,Spain
SECTION I
ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE