1964_HalfTitlePage 7/1/03 11:03 AM Page 1 ALLELOPATHY CHEMISTRY AND MODE OF ACTION OF ALLELOCHEMICALS Copyright © 2004 CRC Press, LLC 1964_TitlePage 7/1/03 11:04 AM Page 1 CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. EDITED BY Francisco A. Macías Juan C. G. Galindo José M. G. Molinillo Horace G. Cutler ALLELOPATHY CHEMISTRY AND MODE OF ACTION OF ALLELOCHEMICALS Copyright © 2004 CRC Press, LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. 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Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1964-1 Library of Congress Card Number 2003055404 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Allelopathy : chemistry and mode of action of allelochemicals / edited by Francisco A. Macías, Juan C.G. Galindo, José M.G. Molinillo, and Horace G. Cutler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1964-1 (alk. paper) 1. Allelochemicals. 2. Allelopathic agents. 3. Allelopathy. I. Macías, Francisco A., Galindo, Juan C.G., Molinillo, Jose M.G., and Cutler, Horace G. QK898.A43A456 2003 571.9 ¢ 2—dc21 2003055404 1964 disclaimer Page 1 Thursday, August 21, 2003 10:49 AM Copyright © 2004 CRC Press, LLC - v - To our beloved families Copyright © 2004 CRC Press, LLC - vii - Preface The development of the science of allelopathy may be likened to the genesis of a painting. The initial few sketches may be highly criticized as clumsy and amateurish, but as the work builds, the skeletal structure slowly becomes animated and the content more substantial. And, like art, the science is never truly finished but continues to grow. The case of the painter Degas gives an analogous example. Often, purchasers of his work would return to their homes, after an evening out, to discover their 'Degas’ missing. After some panic and considerable search, they found that Degas had visited their home during their absence because he had noted, on an earlier visit, that there was an unfinished element on the canvas. He had then 'borrowed’ the painting, added the missing information and, later, returned the work to its owners. However, we are not told how many times this happened to a singular painting. In allelopathy, the canvas is handed down to each generation for further development. In its entirety, the progressive art should encompass observation, chemistry, and mode of action, culminating in practical application, the latter, of course, solving practical problems to the benefit of the general population. Initially, most of the work in allelopathy was observational, and the science was chided by purists as being clumsy and somewhat lacking in hard content and proof. But in recent years, some of the chemical causes and effects for the allelopathic phenomenon have begun to take form. Essentially, this was the substance of Recent Advances in Allelopathy. Volume 1. A Science for the Future. (Eds. F.A. Macias, J.C.G. Galindo, J.M.G. Molinillo and H.G. Cutler. University of Cadiz Press. 1999). Indeed, that publication was a mix of both observational and chemical allelopathy, and it emanated from the First Symposium of the International Allelopathy Society (IAS), held in Cadiz, Spain, in September 1996. Essentially, the present work, Allelopathy: Chemistry and Mode of Action of Allelochemicals is Volume II in the continuing saga of allelopathy and the title is self explanatory. Perhaps, in the future, a further volume will cover those discoveries that have made significant contribution in the application of allelochemicals and practices of importance, not only financially, but also aesthetically. The Editors Copyright © 2004 CRC Press, LLC - ix - Contributors G. Aliotta. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, II Università di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43-81100 Caserta, Italy. e-mail: