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®-®-®. PL 481 his- BBEAEHME KPATKAfl HCTOPHKO-3THOrPA<I>H*IECKAH CnPABKA AjiJianxoBCKHM pawoH Pecny6jiMKM Caxa (flicy™*) HaxoAHTca no o6e cropoHM HH^Hero TeMeHHH p. MnaMrMpKH. PaHOH pacno^oxceH b 30hc TyHApw h jiecoryHApM, Koropaji flertMTCfl Ha ABe noA30Hbi: apKTjmecKyio hcy6apKTMMecKyio. KjiMMaTAOBOJibHOcypoB. 3HMa npoAO^>KaeTC5i 309— 331 cyTKM. CpeAHflfl TeMnepaTypa pasna-13.5 °C. CKopocTb Berpa 3Ha- wrejibHa, HepeAKo6wBaeT 3aTsacHasi nypra. Mmchho 3Aecb, Ha hh3mch- hocth, b MeacropHwx snaAHHax h pacmHpeHHflx aojihhm Mhahfhpkh ncnoKOH bckob KOMeBa-riH npeAKH coBpeMeHHbix 3bchob poaob fleTKH- JXyTKVL, ByrawH, KyxyiOH, JXsvuixhkhh. B Hacrosimee BpeMsi ochobhoc 3BeHCKoe HacejieHHe ^hbct b nocejiice OjieHeropac, Ha TeppHTopHH OeTyHrcKoii ko^cboh HauHOHa/ibHoii o6uuiHbi, a TaKate b panoHHOM ueHTpe 4oKypAax. O npouijioM h HacroameM 3bchob HHXHeHHAHrHpcKOH TyHApw nHca- jim HccvieAOBaTe—^H MaTepManbHOH h AyxoBHOH KyjibTypw HapoAOB Cese- pa h Ch6hph B. M. MoxejibcoH, A. A. CaBBHH, M. T. TypsHM, M. 51. vKopHHujcasi, B. A. TyrwiyKOB, A. H. JlanTeB, B. fl. JIe6eAeB, X. M. flyTKHH h Ap. 12 (fccBpajis 1991 r. Ha TeppwTopHH AjiJianxoBCKoro paHOHa 6buia co3AaHa poAO-n^eMeHHasi KOMCBaa o6mHHa «OeTyHr» jcaic caMOCTOHTe^b- Hasi couHajibHO-3KOHOMHMecKaa crpyKTypa. B Hacroamee speMJi MjieHw o6lumhw npoacHBaiOT b pa—iiueHTpe HoicypAax b 3HMHee BpeMH, a b jieTHe-oceHHee h—seceHHee b OTAajieHHux yuaencax. B o6m,HHe (rjiaBa B. H. CjienuoB 3BeH, noTOMCTBe—HHWH oxothhk,—pw6aK h ojieHeBOA—) pa6oTaiOT 70 mcjiobck—: ojieHeBOAOB II, pbi6aicoB 29,—oxothhkob 10, MexaHH3aTopoB 4, Macr—epHu noraHBOU—Horo uexa 9. I—lo Haujf- OHaj—ibHOMy cocraBy: sbchob 42, axyTOB 20, pyccKHx 6, 6y- p«T 2. Flo nepenwcH 1989 roAa b Hacroamee BpeMa b AjijianxoBCKOM pawoHc npoxtHsaeT (xxnee mcm 500 3bchob. M3 hhx 52.3 % coxpaHHJio no HauiHM noAcweTaM cboh poahoh (po- AO-nJieMeHHoii) H3bnc. B A/manxobckom pawoHC coxpaHsnoTCH TpaAHUM- OHHbie OTpaCJIH X03$IHCTBa (OJieHCBOACTBO, pbl60JI0BCTB0 H OXOTHHMbM npoMbicjibi) caMo6biTHaa MaTepHajibHaa h AyxoBHasi xyjibTypa 3bchob: , HauHOHajibHbie ^HJinma (miyM, AnpMy, 6oto)> Hai^HOHajibHaa OAeatAa, HauMOHajibHbic 6jiK>Ad (fiopna, dyjidd, HbUMSH h t. a.), HapTeHHWH h i* 3 BbioHHo-BepxoBOM TpaHcnopT (hcuiumci, ynat0 Hau,HOHa;ibHbiH TaHei; , (&5db3), cfro/ibKjiop, pejiHrH03Hbie npe/iCTaBJieHHH h t. a. Jlymue Bcero cboh h3hk h caMo6wTHyK) KyjibTypy coxpaHsnoT mom* erapmero noKO- ;ieHHH, cpeAH hmx E. E. mejiKaHOBa, B. M. flyTKHH (06a H3 powa JXyr- km), A. A. Tpoc})HMOB (doa ByraM). Mx TpaAHUHH npoACviacaioT TaKHe 3HaTOKM MaTepwajibHOM h AyxoBHOH KyjibTypbi CBoero HapoAa, KaK E. B. E^yKMH, B. H. C/tenuoB, C. H. LLI,ep6amcoB m APyrne. 3a foam coBeTCKOH BjiacTH cpeAH 3BeHOB Aji^anxoBCKoro paHOHa Bbipocjia CBOfl MHTeji^HreHUHa: nosTbi-neceHHHKH J\. E. EAyKHH, R. 3. CjienupB, ca- MOAenTejibHbie MejiOAHCTbi Jl. flyTKHH, A. TpaH3e, neBHija E. CmiHHa, ywHTcriH A. B. CnBueBa, A. A. MnxanjiOBa, »3biKOBeA, KaHAHAaT <J)mjio- jiorHMecKHx HayK X.—14. jJyTKHH h Apyrne. Co3AaHbi (—JxxnbKjiopHbie aH- caM6;w: mix AeTeH «Hhhah;ihk3», nnn B3pocrcbix «hyKJi3K3». C 1990 r. B03po«AaK)TCsi 3BeHCKHe npa3AHHKM «BcTpeua c ccuiHueM», «UBeTeHwe TyHApM», iiomth eaceroAHo npoBOAflTca npa3AHHKH «fleHb oneHeBOAa*, «ZleHb pbi6aica». CjiaBsnxsi KpacoTOH h H3HCKaHHocTbK) pa- 6oth MacTepwu AeKopaTHBHO-npHKJiaAHoro TBopuecTBa A. E. HyTKH- hoh, M. B. OienuoBOH, M. R. EAyKHHOH h Ap. POAOnjIEMEHHOM COCTAB M 3THMHECK0E OKPYJKEHHE 3BEHOB AJUIAHXOBCKOrO PAfiOHA B HacToamee BpeMH poAOBoe AcneHne cpeAH 3bchob AjuiawxoBCKoro paftoHa noMTH yTpaneHo. Taic, M3 6a/iee mcm 500 sbchob cbok> poAOByio npMHaA^iexHOCTb noMHJiT jiwiub 105 wejioBeK, t. e. MeHee oahoh TpeTH. 3to no npewMymecTBy ;ik)ah noacH/ioro B03pacTa. Flo CBHAeTe;n>CTBy MH(|)OpMaHTOB B paHOHe XHByT npeACTaBHTeJIH 3BCHCKHX poaob ZlyTKM, Byrami, HejuiHHKHH, KyKynyH, nyjiAana. PaHee 3bchob AjviaHxoBCKoro paHOHa oiiih6omho othochjim k lOKarei- paM OKopHHuicasi, 1966). Jlwiiib bo BpeMa 3THorpa<J)HMecKOH sxcneAH- Uhm Ha MHAHrMpxy b 1951 r. HccneAOBaTejiflM yAajiocb BbiacHHTb, mto H^eHOB poAa ,HyTKH^b oxpy^aiomee HacejieHHe MMeHOBa-no «KncarHpa- — mm» (TypBMM, 1963: 35 39), xoth Ha caMOM Aejie 3th «K>icarHpbi», b tom MHOie IUep6aMKOBbi, EAyKHHbi, RyrKUHbi h Tpo^HMOBW, no cyme- CTBy HHMeM He OTTIHMaJIHCb OT 3BCHOB. OtJIHMHC COCT05UIO B OAHOM; Ta6jihua 1 Po;io-rijieMCHHOHcocraB3BeHOB CejacoBeTbi «K)KarHpH-flyTKHHUbI» IKVIb30BajlHCbOCo6blM FOBOPOM 3BeHCKOrO fl3HKa. B coBeTCKoe BpeMfl, KaK oTMeMaeT H. C. TypBH^, 3BeHbi KyHKyrypcKO- ro, KaMeHHO-KDKarHpcKoro doaob boidjih b K>KarHpcKHH Hacner Ajma- HxoBCKoro paiiOHa h o6pa30Bajiw e^HHyio 3THHMecKyio rpynny (rypBHM 1953: 35—39). MccjieAOBaHMa (JxvibKjiopHCTa A. H. JIanTeBa (JlanxeB 1975) noica- 3ajIH, WTO H3bIK TyHflpeHHWX aJUiaHXOBCKMX «K)KarHpoB» He HMeeT HH- Mero o6mero c TyHApeHHHM ^najieKTOM lOKarapcicoro H3WKa. CaMH aji- jianxoBCKHe «K)KarHpbi» He OTo;*mecTBjnuiH ce6a c TyHApeHHHMH joica- rHpaMH h yKa3HBajiH Ha cbok) 6jiH30CTb c 3BeHaMH. 3to npHBejio A. H—. JIanTeBa k 3aKJnoMeHHio, mto b A/maHxoBCKOM pano—He loxarH- pbi hochtc/ih TyHApeHHorojxusuieKTa lOKanipcKorofl3bnca He npe#- craB^eHbi. FIpeABapHTejibHoe HcaieaoBaHHe fl3bnca sbchob AjuianxoBCKoro paii- OHa, npoBeAeHHoe B. H. JIe6eAeBHM, noica3ajio, wto 3tot roBop 6jih30k k TOMnoHCKOMy h MOMCKOMy roBopaM 3BeHCKoro H3HKa (JIe6eAeB 1961: 76—86). rio HameMy mhchhk), Ha3BaHHe 3BeHCKoro po#a JlyrKvi (flyTKHHbi) npoH30imio otc/iOBaflOTKH—flyTKH, cp. r;iaro;i dom-mau «npHKOHeBaTb (Ha ceBep)». BepoaTHO, no3TOMy b (JxwibKjiope, 6biTyiom;eM y AaHHow 3THHuecK0H rpynnH 3bchob, ecTb HeMajio cioaceTOB o KoweBHHKax-jie6e- A«x, yjieTaiomMxb cropoHyco;iHu,a h npmieTaiomHx coctopohmco;iHu,a. B03M02KHO, AaHHHe CIO^CeTbl OTpaxaHDT CMyTHbie BOOIOMHHaHHJI O TOM, hto npeAKH 3Toro po^a KorAa-TO nepexoweBa^H H3 perHOHOB c 6anee TeiUIHM KJIHMaTOM B paHOHH Cy6apKTHMeCK0H H apKTHMeCKOH 30H TyH- APbl, K 6eperaM BoCTOMHO-ChShPCKOIX) MOpa, B HH30BbH MHAHrwpKH (cm. cioaceT cxa3KH «YMM3rHH» (ZtyTKHH 1980)). TaK, no paccxa3aM HH(|)opMaHTOB, poah flyTKH h Byra™ aBjisnoTca HaH6o;iee apcbhhmh o6nTaTejiHMH 3thx MecT. Mx npeAKH npH6bmH b 3th xojiOAHbie Kpasi c 3anaAa, co eropoHN p. 5Ihh npe^CAe npymx 3bchckhx poaob (flejuiflH- khh, KyxyHyH), a TaK^ce HH^HeHHAHrnpcKHx flxyTOB, pyccKHX 3eMjie- npOXOAI^CB H nepBHX KOMCBHHKOB-MyKMeH. B Hacroiimee BpeMa 3BeHOsi3bmHbie poAa flyTKH, ByraHH, hy/mawa cocraBJiaiOT, cyAa no BceMy, eAHHyio STHHuecxyio rpynny. B 3Ty ace rpynny paHbine bxoahjihho6pyceBiiiHe HbiHe3BeHbi H3 po^a BapaKHHbix (cm. Texcr 1), noTOMKH KOTopwx npoxHBaiOT b noc. PyccKoe YcTbe. K coacajieHHio, hx a3hk npaxTHMecKH nepecran cymecTBOBaTb. B AjmanxoBCKOM panoHe cpeAH sbchob BCTpcwaiOTCsi cJ)aMHjiMM n 3BeHCKoro, h pyccKoro nponcxoacAeHHa. Oco6eHHO ihhpoko 3Aecb pac- npocrpaHeHa fyaMiumsi 3BeHCKoro npoHexo^eHHH flyTKHH, o6pa30BaH- Haa ot poAOBoro Ha3BaHHa 3bchob flyTKH, 6yKsajibHO «npHKOweBaB- mHe». y 3BeH0B APyrnx 06-nacreH, HanpnMep MaraAaHCKOH h KaMMaT- ckoh, BcrpeMaKyrcfl 4>aMHjiMH, o6pa30BaHHwe ot APyrwx poaobhx — HaHMCHOBaHM—H: JJeJUUIHCKHH OT pOAOBOIX) Ha3BaHH« fleJUIHHKHH, YflrHHCKHH OT pOAOBOrO Ha3BaHHfl YiiraH. Ha3BaHHe 3BeHcxoro poAa ByByM-ByraM (Tpoc|)HMOBbi) npoHexoAHT ot npa^araTejibHoro dyeyn «6cahhh», «HeHMymHH». Sbchh 3Toro poAa B 3THOKyjIbTypHOM OTHOmeHHH He OTJIHMaiOTCH OT 3BeHOB pOfla flyTKH. IIo paccKa3aM 3bchob noacmioro B03pacTa 3BeHw H3 poAa hyjiAana (5IrjiOBCKHe) npeacTaBJisiiOT co6oh ojiaMyTHBiiiHxcji lOKarapoB H3 poaa ajiau~cuiaidii. 3tot poa 6jih3ok k pozjaM flyTKH m Byrami. Ha3BaHHe 3BeHCK0ix) po^a fiyjmaqa 6yKBajibH0 o3HaMaeT «Hflymne Ha Jiw^cax» h npoHcxoAHT ot rviarojia Ayjidadau «xoflHTb na jiwxax». B OT^HMHe ot 3BeH0B BHineHa3BaHHHx poaob npeacTaBHTejiH poaa JleAnaHKHH (HHKyjiHHw, GneimoBbi) BcrpeMaiOTca bo mhoihx paHOHax — ^KyTHH h 3a ee npeaejiaMH MaraaaHCKOH h KaMnaTCKOH o6jiacrax. ^3hk pofla flejuiHHKHH o6HapyacHBaeT p»a oco6eHHOCTeH, c6jiM^caioiiiMx em C BOCTOMHbIMM rOBOpaMH 3BeHCKOIX) 5I3bIKa. llpeACTaBMTe^M—poaa KytcyHyH (JIe6efleBhi) npoacHBaiOT bo MHornx paHOHax flKyTHH B YCTb-SlHCKOM, A6bIHCKOM, MoMCKOM M APyrMX paiiOHax. Poaoboc Ha3BaHHe caMH 3BeHbi bo3boa«t k aiOBy KyK$Ku «coh- Ka». 5I3hk 3BeHOB poaa KyxywyH o6Hapy^KMBaeT HanCkvibiiiyio 6jiH30CTb k fl3HKy 3BeHOB poaa ZlejijiaHKHH. TaKMM o6pa30M h3wk 3BeHOB poaa t RejuizHKmi m poaa KyxyHyH ABjiaeTca (nofl)roBopoM, 3aHHMaiomHM npoMexyTOMHoe nojio^KCHMe Mexc^y boctouhmmh h 3anaAHWMH rosopa- MH DBeHCKOrO H3blKa (B MMCJIO nOCJiejJHHX BXOflHT H3bIK pOflOB flyTKH, ByraMH h hyjiflana). Tenepb nepenaeM k xapaKTepncTHKe STHHMecicoro OKpy^ceHHa a^Jia- — HXOBCKHX 3BCH0B JOKarHpOB, HH^HeHHAHrHDCKHX 5IKyTOB, KO^eBHX uyKneH m pyccKoycTbMHueB. B Te^eHHe HecKO^bKHx BeKOB 3tm Hapo/jw npo>KHBajiH 6ok o 6ok c a/uiaaxoBCKHMH 3BeHaMH. HeyAHBMTe^bHO, mto b o6^acTM MaTepHajibHOH h ayxoBHOH KyjibTypw aaHHwx HapozjoB npo- C/ie^CHBaeTCfl 3aMeTHOe B3aHMOBJIHHHHe. Flo HauiHM na6jiiojxcHH9iM b HacToamee BpeMa b AjuianxoBCKOM pan- OHe lOKarnpH He npo>KMBaK)T. Ilpas^a, nepenwcb 1970 r. OTMeTHjia 49 MejiOBex «K)KarHpoB» b AjuianxoBCKOM paHOHe. B xoae nojieBwx hc- c/ieAOBaHHH, o/jHaKo, o6Hap—y^cHjiocb, mto 3th jiHu,a coBepuieHHO He 3HaK)T lOKarnpcKoro H3biKa hh TyHApeHHoro, hh kojimmckoix)AHajiex- Ta. KaK OKa3ajiocb, k loxarnpaM 6m;ih oiiih6omho oTHeceHbi npeAcraBH- TejiH SBeHCKHx poaob ZIyTKH h Byra^H. HH^CHeHHAHrHpCKHe flKyTbl HBJI5UOTC5I OflHOH H3 MHOrOMHOieHHblX HapozjHOcren AjijianxoBCKoro panoHa. Flo flaHHWM nepenncn 1979 r., b pawoHe HacMHTbiBajiocb 1368 neji. HH30Bbe MHAHrHpKH 6hjio 3ace^eHO — srxyTaMH b KOHU,e XVII Hanajie XVIII b. Flo coo6meHHK) A. JT. Bwp- KeHroc})a, aKyT—bi noce^HjTHCb 3#ecb y>Ke noc/ie noflBjieHHa nepBwx 3eM- ^enpoxoAueB pyccKwx (BwpKeHro(}) 1972: 17). Ha npoT5DKeHHH He- CKo;ibKHx coTeH ^eT siKyTbi Haxo^HjiHCb b TecHOM KOHTaKTe c K)KarHpa- MH, 3BCHaMH, MyKMaMH H pyCCKHMH CTapO^KHJiaMH, UTO HajlOXCH^O CBOH OTneMaTOK Ha X035IHCTBeHHyK) ^CH3Hb, 6bIT, Ky^bTypy H 5I3HK AaHHOH 3THHMecK0H rpynnw siKyTO—B. M3BecTHO, mto b 1641 1642 rr. Me^Kfly Ajia3een h Ko^hmoh Bnep- Bwe noaBmiHCb ojieHeBOflbi-uyKHH. B Hawajie XVIII b. wyxMH BHOBb, BTopow pa3 nocjie 3nnfleMHH ocnw KOHua XVII b., nepeKOMesajiH b Kojihmckhh paHOH. B cepe^HHe XIX b. ohh KOMesajiH no OMOJiOHy h noAOUJ.iH k HH30BbHM KojiwMbi. B 1858 r. MyKMH nepenpaBHjiHCb Ha 3ana^HbiH 6eper Kojiwmh, a b 1866 r. nojiyumiH o(})HUHajibHoe pa3pe- oieHHc siKyTCKoro rpa^cnaHCKoro ry6epHaTopa xoneBaTb Mexny Kojih- moh ii A/ia3een. B 70-x roaax XIX b. MyKHH nepeui^tH peicy Ajia3eK) h nosiBHjiHCb He^ajieKo ot MHmnrMpKH. B Te^eHHe HecicojibKHx AecHTHJie- THH HX MHCJIO yBeJIHMHJIOCb, M OHM o6pa30BajIM HCCKOJIbKO AC—CSITKOB CTOJf6Hm b HH^cHeHHAHrapcKOH TyHApe no npHTOKy MH^MrMpKH pexe Ep»I3H. Ot cbomx cocefleH 3BeHOB MyicMH BocnpwHsuiH 0TAe/n>Hbie npoH3BOA- CTBeHHwe HaBHKH: CTajiH cejxnaTh ojieHeH, nepeB03MTb rpy3H BbioKOM, 3asejiM ojieHeroHHMx co6ax Oiaeic). M3MeHeHM5i 3aTpoHyjiw h TpaAHun- OHHyio oAeayjy wyKMeH. 2KeHmHHM-qyKHaHKH 3aHMCTBOBajiH 3BeHCKyio — aceHCKyio OAe^ay pacnamHwe aohikh, nepeAHHKH-HarpyAHHKH (na- na) 3aMeHHBniHe Ta^ce^we MeuiKOsaTwe K0M6HHe30HH-KepKepbi. B , cbok) owepeAb MyKHH OKa3a^M onpeae^eHHoe Bjmmme Ha xo3hhctbo m KyjibTypy 3seHOB. Tax, HanpHMep, 3BeHbi HauajiH npHMeHaTb MyKOTocne ^yroKonbuibHu—e HapTbi. MyacHHHH-3BeHbi 3aHMCTBOBajiH y MyKnew 3hm- HIOK) O^e^Cfly KyXJIHHKH «K063a», flJIHHHUe IHTaHH, KOpOTKHe yHTbl. BlVieCTe C TeM 3aHMCTB0BaHH3 H3 MyKOTCKOIX) 5J3MKa B 3BCHCKOM BCTpC- waiOTCH OTHocHTe;ibHO pe^KO (cm. rjiasy III). Oahhmh H3 caMMx ApeBHMx coce^eH 3BeHOB AjijianxoBCKoro patioHa — HBJlSklOTCH pyCCKHe CTapO^CMJIW HH30Bbfl MHflHrHpKH pyCCKO-ytTbHH- Ljbi. Ohh Ha3BaHhi TaK noTOMy, uto xuum b 3HMOPbe tioa Ha3BaHHeM PyccKoe YcTbe, KOTopoe pacnojioxeHO HajieBOM 6epery npoTOKH Mhah- rapKH. B cepeAHHe XVII b. nepBwe pyccKHe 3eM;ienpoxoAUbi ABHHy^HCb 10 CesepHOMy JleAOBHTOMy OKeaHy Ha boctok, aocthivih 6eperoB p. Mh- rHrapKH, nocejiHJiHCb b ee ycTbe, Koropoe Ha3BajiH «PyccKMM YcTbeM» ajiH «PyccKHM )Khjiom». IloflBjieHHe 3HMOBba PyccKoe YcTbe b AejibTe Hhahthpich AaTHpyeTca 1639 r. (BHpKeHixx}) 1972: 4). IlpeAKaMM pyc- :KoycTbHHueB, KaK h ^pyrnx CTapo^cHJiOB Ha CeBepo-Boeroice, 6huiM 3eivuienpoxoAUbi h MopexoAN XVII b. (EnpReHrocJ) 1972: 2). B HacTOH- mee BpeMH pyccKoycTbHHUM, 3a HCKJiioweHHeM 0TAe;ibHbix jihu,crapuiero noKOJieHHa, He 3HaiOT «3WKa KopeHHhix ^cHTejiew. TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha TeppwropHH AjuianxoBCKoro paiioHa c apcbhhx BpeMeH o6HTajiH h KOweBajm pa3Hbie 3THimecKHe rpynnbJ. B MacTHOCTH, no HacToamero BpeMeHH 3Aecb npo^cHBaiOT sbchh H3 poaob JJyTKH, ByraMH, flejuiaHKHH, KyicyiOH, hyjiAana. JlaHHasi pa6oTa nocBHmeHa OTiHcanmo fl3HKa pa3Hwx 3THHMecKHx rpynn 3bchob AjuianxoBCicoro paHOHa HxyTHH. Abtop Bbipa^KaeT cbok) cepAeMHyio 6;iaroAapHOCTb sceM TeM, kto — 0Ka3aji nocmibHyio noMomb b co3AaHHH MOHorpa(})HH, npe^me scero cbohm yuHTejiaM h HacraBHHKaM AOKTopaM <|)H.riojiorHMecKHX HayK npo- 4>eccopaM B. M. U,HHUHyc, 0. n. CyHHKy, k. h. K. A. Hobhkobom, (J), AOKTopaM (})HJio^orHMecKHx Hayx A. H. XyKOBOH, B. A. Po66ejcy, a TaK^ce coTpyAHHKaM OTAe;ia ajiTaHCKHx 5J3wkob MJIM PAH k. h. (J), H. 51. ByjiaTOBOH, k. h. A. A. BypwKHHy, Ka^eApw ajiTaHCKHx «3w- kob Prny hm. A. M.(JT),epi;eHa k. cj). h. aou. H. M. T^aAKOBOH, k. cj). h. Aou. A. A. IleTpoBy, MI1MHC CO PAH k. <jp. h. A. H. MwpeeBOH. Oco- 6yio npH3HaTe;ibHOCTb aBTop Bbipa>KaeT oTBeTCTBeHHOMy peAaKTopy k. (J>. h. A. JI. MajibMyKOBy 3a ueHHwe cobcth h 3aMeHaHHa, KOTopwe cnoco6cTBOBanH y^ymneHHio npeA-naraeMOH MOHorpac|)HH. — Abtop nocBamaeT AaHHyio KHwry cbohm BepHMM noMomHHKaM cynpyre Bepe AneKcaHAposHe, AOuep»M, BHy^KaM. EBK POCCHflCKAH AKAflEMHfl HAYK 81.2 A-84 HHCTHTyr npo6neM MajiowHCJieHHbtx HapoaoB CeBepa ^SS^CF^ HKyTCKoro Hay^Horo ueHTpa CH6HpcKoro OTfleJieHH* B MOHorpa<{wM onwcaHM (frmeTHMecKMe, MopcJwjiortmecKMe m /leKctmecicfie oco6enHO- ctm ajuianxoBCicoro roBOpa, oxapaKTepM30Bam>i pa3pHflbi erojieKCHKM. AYTKMH X.H. OTBeTCTeeHHwft peaaitTop k. 4>. h. A. Jl. MAJIbHYKOB AAAMXOKlM PeueH3eHTbi: A. A. BYPblKHH, B. A. UIBAPEB m m rOBOP 5HOTM H/v(M 3BEH0B ™ 4602020400-406 042(02)-92 U0 y4 * CaHKT-IIeTep6ypr ©X.H.AyrKHH,1995 ISBN5-02-028188-3 © „HAyKA" PoccKficKaaaKaaeMnaHayk, 1995 1995

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Allaikhovskii govor evenov IAkutii (Russian Edition) PDF

6 Pages·1995·0.34 MB·English
by  Dutkin, Kh. I.
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Preview Allaikhovskii govor evenov IAkutii (Russian Edition)

®-®-®. PL 481 his- BBEAEHME KPATKAfl HCTOPHKO-3THOrPA<I>H*IECKAH CnPABKA AjiJianxoBCKHM pawoH Pecny6jiMKM Caxa (flicy™*) HaxoAHTca no o6e cropoHM HH^Hero TeMeHHH p. MnaMrMpKH. PaHOH pacno^oxceH b 30hc TyHApw h jiecoryHApM, Koropaji flertMTCfl Ha ABe noA30Hbi: apKTjmecKyio hcy6apKTMMecKyio. KjiMMaTAOBOJibHOcypoB. 3HMa npoAO^>KaeTC5i 309— 331 cyTKM. CpeAHflfl TeMnepaTypa pasna-13.5 °C. CKopocTb Berpa 3Ha- wrejibHa, HepeAKo6wBaeT 3aTsacHasi nypra. Mmchho 3Aecb, Ha hh3mch- hocth, b MeacropHwx snaAHHax h pacmHpeHHflx aojihhm Mhahfhpkh ncnoKOH bckob KOMeBa-riH npeAKH coBpeMeHHbix 3bchob poaob fleTKH- JXyTKVL, ByrawH, KyxyiOH, JXsvuixhkhh. B Hacrosimee BpeMsi ochobhoc 3BeHCKoe HacejieHHe ^hbct b nocejiice OjieHeropac, Ha TeppHTopHH OeTyHrcKoii ko^cboh HauHOHa/ibHoii o6uuiHbi, a TaKate b panoHHOM ueHTpe 4oKypAax. O npouijioM h HacroameM 3bchob HHXHeHHAHrHpcKOH TyHApw nHca- jim HccvieAOBaTe—^H MaTepManbHOH h AyxoBHOH KyjibTypw HapoAOB Cese- pa h Ch6hph B. M. MoxejibcoH, A. A. CaBBHH, M. T. TypsHM, M. 51. vKopHHujcasi, B. A. TyrwiyKOB, A. H. JlanTeB, B. fl. JIe6eAeB, X. M. flyTKHH h Ap. 12 (fccBpajis 1991 r. Ha TeppwTopHH AjiJianxoBCKoro paHOHa 6buia co3AaHa poAO-n^eMeHHasi KOMCBaa o6mHHa «OeTyHr» jcaic caMOCTOHTe^b- Hasi couHajibHO-3KOHOMHMecKaa crpyKTypa. B Hacroamee speMJi MjieHw o6lumhw npoacHBaiOT b pa—iiueHTpe HoicypAax b 3HMHee BpeMH, a b jieTHe-oceHHee h—seceHHee b OTAajieHHux yuaencax. B o6m,HHe (rjiaBa B. H. CjienuoB 3BeH, noTOMCTBe—HHWH oxothhk,—pw6aK h ojieHeBOA—) pa6oTaiOT 70 mcjiobck—: ojieHeBOAOB II, pbi6aicoB 29,—oxothhkob 10, MexaHH3aTopoB 4, Macr—epHu noraHBOU—Horo uexa 9. I—lo Haujf- OHaj—ibHOMy cocraBy: sbchob 42, axyTOB 20, pyccKHx 6, 6y- p«T 2. Flo nepenwcH 1989 roAa b Hacroamee BpeMa b AjijianxoBCKOM pawoHc npoxtHsaeT (xxnee mcm 500 3bchob. M3 hhx 52.3 % coxpaHHJio no HauiHM noAcweTaM cboh poahoh (po- AO-nJieMeHHoii) H3bnc. 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CmiHHa, ywHTcriH A. B. CnBueBa, A. A. MnxanjiOBa, »3biKOBeA, KaHAHAaT <J)mjio- jiorHMecKHx HayK X.—14. jJyTKHH h Apyrne. Co3AaHbi (—JxxnbKjiopHbie aH- caM6;w: mix AeTeH «Hhhah;ihk3», nnn B3pocrcbix «hyKJi3K3». C 1990 r. B03po«AaK)TCsi 3BeHCKHe npa3AHHKM «BcTpeua c ccuiHueM», «UBeTeHwe TyHApM», iiomth eaceroAHo npoBOAflTca npa3AHHKH «fleHb oneHeBOAa*, «ZleHb pbi6aica». CjiaBsnxsi KpacoTOH h H3HCKaHHocTbK) pa- 6oth MacTepwu AeKopaTHBHO-npHKJiaAHoro TBopuecTBa A. E. HyTKH- hoh, M. B. OienuoBOH, M. R. EAyKHHOH h Ap. POAOnjIEMEHHOM COCTAB M 3THMHECK0E OKPYJKEHHE 3BEHOB AJUIAHXOBCKOrO PAfiOHA B HacToamee BpeMH poAOBoe AcneHne cpeAH 3bchob AjuiawxoBCKoro paftoHa noMTH yTpaneHo. Taic, M3 6a/iee mcm 500 sbchob cbok> poAOByio npMHaA^iexHOCTb noMHJiT jiwiub 105 wejioBeK, t. e. MeHee oahoh TpeTH. 3to no npewMymecTBy ;ik)ah noacH/ioro B03pacTa. Flo CBHAeTe;n>CTBy MH(|)OpMaHTOB B paHOHe XHByT npeACTaBHTeJIH 3BCHCKHX poaob ZlyTKM, Byrami, HejuiHHKHH, KyKynyH, nyjiAana. PaHee 3bchob AjviaHxoBCKoro paHOHa oiiih6omho othochjim k lOKarei- paM OKopHHuicasi, 1966). Jlwiiib bo BpeMa 3THorpa<J)HMecKOH sxcneAH- Uhm Ha MHAHrMpxy b 1951 r. HccneAOBaTejiflM yAajiocb BbiacHHTb, mto H^eHOB poAa ,HyTKH^b oxpy^aiomee HacejieHHe MMeHOBa-no «KncarHpa- — mm» (TypBMM, 1963: 35 39), xoth Ha caMOM Aejie 3th «K>icarHpbi», b tom MHOie IUep6aMKOBbi, EAyKHHbi, RyrKUHbi h Tpo^HMOBW, no cyme- CTBy HHMeM He OTTIHMaJIHCb OT 3BCHOB. OtJIHMHC COCT05UIO B OAHOM; Ta6jihua 1 Po;io-rijieMCHHOHcocraB3BeHOB CejacoBeTbi «K)KarHpH-flyTKHHUbI» IKVIb30BajlHCbOCo6blM FOBOPOM 3BeHCKOrO fl3HKa. B coBeTCKoe BpeMfl, KaK oTMeMaeT H. C. TypBH^, 3BeHbi KyHKyrypcKO- ro, KaMeHHO-KDKarHpcKoro doaob boidjih b K>KarHpcKHH Hacner Ajma- HxoBCKoro paiiOHa h o6pa30Bajiw e^HHyio 3THHMecKyio rpynny (rypBHM 1953: 35—39). MccjieAOBaHMa (JxvibKjiopHCTa A. H. JIanTeBa (JlanxeB 1975) noica- 3ajIH, WTO H3bIK TyHflpeHHWX aJUiaHXOBCKMX «K)KarHpoB» He HMeeT HH- Mero o6mero c TyHApeHHHM ^najieKTOM lOKarapcicoro H3WKa. 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B03M02KHO, AaHHHe CIO^CeTbl OTpaxaHDT CMyTHbie BOOIOMHHaHHJI O TOM, hto npeAKH 3Toro po^a KorAa-TO nepexoweBa^H H3 perHOHOB c 6anee TeiUIHM KJIHMaTOM B paHOHH Cy6apKTHMeCK0H H apKTHMeCKOH 30H TyH- APbl, K 6eperaM BoCTOMHO-ChShPCKOIX) MOpa, B HH30BbH MHAHrwpKH (cm. cioaceT cxa3KH «YMM3rHH» (ZtyTKHH 1980)). TaK, no paccxa3aM HH(|)opMaHTOB, poah flyTKH h Byra™ aBjisnoTca HaH6o;iee apcbhhmh o6nTaTejiHMH 3thx MecT. Mx npeAKH npH6bmH b 3th xojiOAHbie Kpasi c 3anaAa, co eropoHN p. 5Ihh npe^CAe npymx 3bchckhx poaob (flejuiflH- khh, KyxyHyH), a TaK^ce HH^HeHHAHrnpcKHx flxyTOB, pyccKHX 3eMjie- npOXOAI^CB H nepBHX KOMCBHHKOB-MyKMeH. B Hacroiimee BpeMa 3BeHOsi3bmHbie poAa flyTKH, ByraHH, hy/mawa cocraBJiaiOT, cyAa no BceMy, eAHHyio STHHuecxyio rpynny. B 3Ty ace rpynny paHbine bxoahjihho6pyceBiiiHe HbiHe3BeHbi H3 po^a BapaKHHbix (cm. Texcr 1), noTOMKH KOTopwx npoxHBaiOT b noc. PyccKoe YcTbe. K coacajieHHio, hx a3hk npaxTHMecKH nepecran cymecTBOBaTb. B AjmanxoBCKOM panoHe cpeAH sbchob BCTpcwaiOTCsi cJ)aMHjiMM n 3BeHCKoro, h pyccKoro nponcxoacAeHHa. Oco6eHHO ihhpoko 3Aecb pac- npocrpaHeHa fyaMiumsi 3BeHCKoro npoHexo^eHHH flyTKHH, o6pa30BaH- Haa ot poAOBoro Ha3BaHHa 3bchob flyTKH, 6yKsajibHO «npHKOweBaB- mHe». y 3BeH0B APyrnx 06-nacreH, HanpnMep MaraAaHCKOH h KaMMaT- ckoh, BcrpeMaKyrcfl 4>aMHjiMH, o6pa30BaHHwe ot APyrwx poaobhx — HaHMCHOBaHM—H: JJeJUUIHCKHH OT pOAOBOIX) Ha3BaHH« fleJUIHHKHH, YflrHHCKHH OT pOAOBOrO Ha3BaHHfl YiiraH. Ha3BaHHe 3BeHcxoro poAa ByByM-ByraM (Tpoc|)HMOBbi) npoHexoAHT ot npa^araTejibHoro dyeyn «6cahhh», «HeHMymHH». Sbchh 3Toro poAa B 3THOKyjIbTypHOM OTHOmeHHH He OTJIHMaiOTCH OT 3BeHOB pOfla flyTKH. IIo paccKa3aM 3bchob noacmioro B03pacTa 3BeHw H3 poAa hyjiAana (5IrjiOBCKHe) npeacTaBJisiiOT co6oh ojiaMyTHBiiiHxcji lOKarapoB H3 poaa ajiau~cuiaidii. 3tot poa 6jih3ok k pozjaM flyTKH m Byrami. Ha3BaHHe 3BeHCK0ix) po^a fiyjmaqa 6yKBajibH0 o3HaMaeT «Hflymne Ha Jiw^cax» h npoHcxoAHT ot rviarojia Ayjidadau «xoflHTb na jiwxax». B OT^HMHe ot 3BeH0B BHineHa3BaHHHx poaob npeacTaBHTejiH poaa JleAnaHKHH (HHKyjiHHw, GneimoBbi) BcrpeMaiOTca bo mhoihx paHOHax — ^KyTHH h 3a ee npeaejiaMH MaraaaHCKOH h KaMnaTCKOH o6jiacrax. ^3hk pofla flejuiHHKHH o6HapyacHBaeT p»a oco6eHHOCTeH, c6jiM^caioiiiMx em C BOCTOMHbIMM rOBOpaMH 3BeHCKOIX) 5I3bIKa. llpeACTaBMTe^M—poaa KytcyHyH (JIe6efleBhi) npoacHBaiOT bo MHornx paHOHax flKyTHH B YCTb-SlHCKOM, A6bIHCKOM, MoMCKOM M APyrMX paiiOHax. Poaoboc Ha3BaHHe caMH 3BeHbi bo3boa«t k aiOBy KyK$Ku «coh- Ka». 5I3hk 3BeHOB poaa KyxywyH o6Hapy^KMBaeT HanCkvibiiiyio 6jiH30CTb k fl3HKy 3BeHOB poaa ZlejijiaHKHH. TaKMM o6pa30M h3wk 3BeHOB poaa t RejuizHKmi m poaa KyxyHyH ABjiaeTca (nofl)roBopoM, 3aHHMaiomHM npoMexyTOMHoe nojio^KCHMe Mexc^y boctouhmmh h 3anaAHWMH rosopa- MH DBeHCKOrO H3blKa (B MMCJIO nOCJiejJHHX BXOflHT H3bIK pOflOB flyTKH, ByraMH h hyjiflana). Tenepb nepenaeM k xapaKTepncTHKe STHHMecicoro OKpy^ceHHa a^Jia- — HXOBCKHX 3BCH0B JOKarHpOB, HH^HeHHAHrHDCKHX 5IKyTOB, KO^eBHX uyKneH m pyccKoycTbMHueB. B Te^eHHe HecKO^bKHx BeKOB 3tm Hapo/jw npo>KHBajiH 6ok o 6ok c a/uiaaxoBCKHMH 3BeHaMH. HeyAHBMTe^bHO, mto b o6^acTM MaTepHajibHOH h ayxoBHOH KyjibTypw aaHHwx HapozjoB npo- C/ie^CHBaeTCfl 3aMeTHOe B3aHMOBJIHHHHe. Flo HauiHM na6jiiojxcHH9iM b HacToamee BpeMa b AjuianxoBCKOM pan- OHe lOKarnpH He npo>KMBaK)T. Ilpas^a, nepenwcb 1970 r. OTMeTHjia 49 MejiOBex «K)KarHpoB» b AjuianxoBCKOM paHOHe. B xoae nojieBwx hc- c/ieAOBaHHH, o/jHaKo, o6Hap—y^cHjiocb, mto 3th jiHu,a coBepuieHHO He 3HaK)T lOKarnpcKoro H3biKa hh TyHApeHHoro, hh kojimmckoix)AHajiex- Ta. KaK OKa3ajiocb, k loxarnpaM 6m;ih oiiih6omho oTHeceHbi npeAcraBH- TejiH SBeHCKHx poaob ZIyTKH h Byra^H. HH^CHeHHAHrHpCKHe flKyTbl HBJI5UOTC5I OflHOH H3 MHOrOMHOieHHblX HapozjHOcren AjijianxoBCKoro panoHa. Flo flaHHWM nepenncn 1979 r., b pawoHe HacMHTbiBajiocb 1368 neji. HH30Bbe MHAHrHpKH 6hjio 3ace^eHO — srxyTaMH b KOHU,e XVII Hanajie XVIII b. Flo coo6meHHK) A. JT. Bwp- KeHroc})a, aKyT—bi noce^HjTHCb 3#ecb y>Ke noc/ie noflBjieHHa nepBwx 3eM- ^enpoxoAueB pyccKwx (BwpKeHro(}) 1972: 17). Ha npoT5DKeHHH He- CKo;ibKHx coTeH ^eT siKyTbi Haxo^HjiHCb b TecHOM KOHTaKTe c K)KarHpa- MH, 3BCHaMH, MyKMaMH H pyCCKHMH CTapO^KHJiaMH, UTO HajlOXCH^O CBOH OTneMaTOK Ha X035IHCTBeHHyK) ^CH3Hb, 6bIT, Ky^bTypy H 5I3HK AaHHOH 3THHMecK0H rpynnw siKyTO—B. M3BecTHO, mto b 1641 1642 rr. Me^Kfly Ajia3een h Ko^hmoh Bnep- Bwe noaBmiHCb ojieHeBOflbi-uyKHH. B Hawajie XVIII b. wyxMH BHOBb, BTopow pa3 nocjie 3nnfleMHH ocnw KOHua XVII b., nepeKOMesajiH b Kojihmckhh paHOH. B cepe^HHe XIX b. ohh KOMesajiH no OMOJiOHy h noAOUJ.iH k HH30BbHM KojiwMbi. B 1858 r. MyKMH nepenpaBHjiHCb Ha 3ana^HbiH 6eper Kojiwmh, a b 1866 r. nojiyumiH o(})HUHajibHoe pa3pe- oieHHc siKyTCKoro rpa^cnaHCKoro ry6epHaTopa xoneBaTb Mexny Kojih- moh ii A/ia3een. B 70-x roaax XIX b. MyKHH nepeui^tH peicy Ajia3eK) h nosiBHjiHCb He^ajieKo ot MHmnrMpKH. B Te^eHHe HecicojibKHx AecHTHJie- THH HX MHCJIO yBeJIHMHJIOCb, M OHM o6pa30BajIM HCCKOJIbKO AC—CSITKOB CTOJf6Hm b HH^cHeHHAHrapcKOH TyHApe no npHTOKy MH^MrMpKH pexe Ep»I3H. Ot cbomx cocefleH 3BeHOB MyicMH BocnpwHsuiH 0TAe/n>Hbie npoH3BOA- CTBeHHwe HaBHKH: CTajiH cejxnaTh ojieHeH, nepeB03MTb rpy3H BbioKOM, 3asejiM ojieHeroHHMx co6ax Oiaeic). M3MeHeHM5i 3aTpoHyjiw h TpaAHun- OHHyio oAeayjy wyKMeH. 2KeHmHHM-qyKHaHKH 3aHMCTBOBajiH 3BeHCKyio — aceHCKyio OAe^ay pacnamHwe aohikh, nepeAHHKH-HarpyAHHKH (na- na) 3aMeHHBniHe Ta^ce^we MeuiKOsaTwe K0M6HHe30HH-KepKepbi. B , cbok) owepeAb MyKHH OKa3a^M onpeae^eHHoe Bjmmme Ha xo3hhctbo m KyjibTypy 3seHOB. Tax, HanpHMep, 3BeHbi HauajiH npHMeHaTb MyKOTocne ^yroKonbuibHu—e HapTbi. MyacHHHH-3BeHbi 3aHMCTBOBajiH y MyKnew 3hm- HIOK) O^e^Cfly KyXJIHHKH «K063a», flJIHHHUe IHTaHH, KOpOTKHe yHTbl. BlVieCTe C TeM 3aHMCTB0BaHH3 H3 MyKOTCKOIX) 5J3MKa B 3BCHCKOM BCTpC- waiOTCH OTHocHTe;ibHO pe^KO (cm. rjiasy III). Oahhmh H3 caMMx ApeBHMx coce^eH 3BeHOB AjijianxoBCKoro patioHa — HBJlSklOTCH pyCCKHe CTapO^CMJIW HH30Bbfl MHflHrHpKH pyCCKO-ytTbHH- Ljbi. Ohh Ha3BaHhi TaK noTOMy, uto xuum b 3HMOPbe tioa Ha3BaHHeM PyccKoe YcTbe, KOTopoe pacnojioxeHO HajieBOM 6epery npoTOKH Mhah- rapKH. B cepeAHHe XVII b. nepBwe pyccKHe 3eM;ienpoxoAUbi ABHHy^HCb 10 CesepHOMy JleAOBHTOMy OKeaHy Ha boctok, aocthivih 6eperoB p. Mh- rHrapKH, nocejiHJiHCb b ee ycTbe, Koropoe Ha3BajiH «PyccKMM YcTbeM» ajiH «PyccKHM )Khjiom». IloflBjieHHe 3HMOBba PyccKoe YcTbe b AejibTe Hhahthpich AaTHpyeTca 1639 r. (BHpKeHixx}) 1972: 4). IlpeAKaMM pyc- :KoycTbHHueB, KaK h ^pyrnx CTapo^cHJiOB Ha CeBepo-Boeroice, 6huiM 3eivuienpoxoAUbi h MopexoAN XVII b. (EnpReHrocJ) 1972: 2). B HacTOH- mee BpeMH pyccKoycTbHHUM, 3a HCKJiioweHHeM 0TAe;ibHbix jihu,crapuiero noKOJieHHa, He 3HaiOT «3WKa KopeHHhix ^cHTejiew. TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha TeppwropHH AjuianxoBCKoro paiioHa c apcbhhx BpeMeH o6HTajiH h KOweBajm pa3Hbie 3THimecKHe rpynnbJ. B MacTHOCTH, no HacToamero BpeMeHH 3Aecb npo^cHBaiOT sbchh H3 poaob JJyTKH, ByraMH, flejuiaHKHH, KyicyiOH, hyjiAana. JlaHHasi pa6oTa nocBHmeHa OTiHcanmo fl3HKa pa3Hwx 3THHMecKHx rpynn 3bchob AjuianxoBCicoro paHOHa HxyTHH. Abtop Bbipa^KaeT cbok) cepAeMHyio 6;iaroAapHOCTb sceM TeM, kto — 0Ka3aji nocmibHyio noMomb b co3AaHHH MOHorpa(})HH, npe^me scero cbohm yuHTejiaM h HacraBHHKaM AOKTopaM <|)H.riojiorHMecKHX HayK npo- 4>eccopaM B. M. U,HHUHyc, 0. n. CyHHKy, k. h. K. A. Hobhkobom, (J), AOKTopaM (})HJio^orHMecKHx Hayx A. H. XyKOBOH, B. A. Po66ejcy, a TaK^ce coTpyAHHKaM OTAe;ia ajiTaHCKHx 5J3wkob MJIM PAH k. h. (J), H. 51. ByjiaTOBOH, k. h. A. A. BypwKHHy, Ka^eApw ajiTaHCKHx «3w- kob Prny hm. A. M.(JT),epi;eHa k. cj). h. aou. H. M. T^aAKOBOH, k. cj). h. Aou. A. A. IleTpoBy, MI1MHC CO PAH k. <jp. h. A. H. MwpeeBOH. Oco- 6yio npH3HaTe;ibHOCTb aBTop Bbipa>KaeT oTBeTCTBeHHOMy peAaKTopy k. (J>. h. A. JI. MajibMyKOBy 3a ueHHwe cobcth h 3aMeHaHHa, KOTopwe cnoco6cTBOBanH y^ymneHHio npeA-naraeMOH MOHorpac|)HH. — Abtop nocBamaeT AaHHyio KHwry cbohm BepHMM noMomHHKaM cynpyre Bepe AneKcaHAposHe, AOuep»M, BHy^KaM. EBK POCCHflCKAH AKAflEMHfl HAYK 81.2 A-84 HHCTHTyr npo6neM MajiowHCJieHHbtx HapoaoB CeBepa ^SS^CF^ HKyTCKoro Hay^Horo ueHTpa CH6HpcKoro OTfleJieHH* B MOHorpa<{wM onwcaHM (frmeTHMecKMe, MopcJwjiortmecKMe m /leKctmecicfie oco6enHO- ctm ajuianxoBCicoro roBOpa, oxapaKTepM30Bam>i pa3pHflbi erojieKCHKM. AYTKMH X.H. OTBeTCTeeHHwft peaaitTop k. 4>. h. A. Jl. MAJIbHYKOB AAAMXOKlM PeueH3eHTbi: A. A. BYPblKHH, B. A. UIBAPEB m m rOBOP 5HOTM H/v(M 3BEH0B ™ 4602020400-406 042(02)-92 U0 y4 * CaHKT-IIeTep6ypr ©X.H.AyrKHH,1995 ISBN5-02-028188-3 © „HAyKA" PoccKficKaaaKaaeMnaHayk, 1995 1995

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