All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

277 Pages·2003·2.34 MB·English

by  Stephen Kinzer

Copyright © 2003 by Stephen Kinzer. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kinzer, Stephen.
All the Shah’s men : an American coup and the roots of Middle East terror /
Stephen Kinzer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-26517-9
1. Iran—Politics and government—1941–1979. 2. Mosaddeq, Mohammad,
1880–1967. 3. United States—Relations—Iran. 4. Iran—Relations—United
States. I. Title.
DS318.K49 2003
955.05′3—dc21
2003009968
For the People of Iran
Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Half Title page
Preface
Notes on Usage
Chapter 1: Good Evening, Mr. Roosevelt
Chapter 2: Curse This Fate
Chapter 3: The Last Drop of the Nation’s Blood
Chapter 4: A Wave of Oil
Chapter 5: His Master’s Orders
Chapter 6: Unseen Enemies Everywhere
Chapter 7: You Do Not Know How Evil They Are
Chapter 8: An Immensely Shrewd Old Man
Chapter 9: Block Headed British
Chapter 10: Pull Up Your Socks and Get Going
Chapter 11: I Knew It! They Love Me!
Chapter 12: Purring Like a Giant Cat
Epilogue
Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
Photos
Index
There is nothing new in the world except the history you do not know.
—HARRY TRUMAN
All the Shah’s Men
PREFACE
One day I attended a book party for an older Iranian woman who had written
her memoirs. She spoke for an hour about her eventful life. Although she never
touched on politics, she mentioned in passing that her family was related to the
family of Mohammad Mossadegh, who served as prime minister of Iran for
twenty-six months in the early 1950s and was overthrown in a coup d’etat staged
by the Central Intelligence Agency.
After she finished speaking, I couldn’t resist the temptation to ask a question.
“You mentioned Mossadegh,” I said. “What do you remember, or what can you
tell us, about the coup against him?” She immediately became agitated and
animated.
“Why did you Americans do that terrible thing?” she cried out. “We always
loved America. To us, America was the great country, the perfect country, the
country that helped us while other countries were exploiting us. But after that
moment, no one in Iran ever trusted the United States again. I can tell you for
sure that if you had not done that thing, you would never have had that problem
of hostages being taken in your embassy in Tehran. All your trouble started in
1953. Why, why did you do it?”
This outburst reflected a great gap in knowledge and understanding that
separates most Iranians from most non-Iranians. In Iran, almost everyone has for
decades known that the United States was responsible for putting an end to
democratic rule in 1953 and installing what became the long dictatorship of
Mohammad Reza Shah. His dictatorship produced the Islamic Revolution of
1979, which brought to power a passionately anti-American theocracy that
embraced terrorism as a tool of statecraft. Its radicalism inspired anti-Western
fanatics in many countries, most notably Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda and other
terror groups found homes and bases.
These events serve as a stark warning to the United States and to any country
that ever seeks to impose its will on a foreign land. Governments that sponsor
coups, revolutions, or armed invasions usually act with the conviction that they
will win, and often they do. Their victories, however, can come back to haunt
them, sometimes in devastating and tragic ways. This is especially true in
today’s complex and volatile Middle East, where tradition, history, and religion
shape political life in ways that many outsiders do not understand.
The violent anti-Americanism that emerged from Iran after 1979 shocked
most people in the United States. Americans had no idea of what might have set
off such bitter hatred in a country where they had always imagined themselves
more or less well liked. That was because almost no one in the United States
knew what the Central Intelligence Agency did there in 1953.
In his time, Mohammad Mossadegh was a titanic figure. He shook an empire
and changed the world. People everywhere knew his name. World leaders sought
to influence him and later to depose him. No one was surprised when Time
magazine chose him over Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, and Winston
Churchill as its Man of the Year for 1951.
Operation Ajax, as the CIA coup against Mossadegh was code-named, was a
great trauma for Iran, the Middle East, and the colonial world. It was the first
time the United States overthrew a foreign government. It set a pattern for years
to come and shaped the way millions of people view the United States.
This book tells a story that explains a great deal about the sources of violent
currents now surging through the world. More than just a remarkable adventure
story, it is a sobering message from the past and an object lesson for the future.