All Necessary Measures: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention PDF
Preview All Necessary Measures: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention
All Necessary Measures PENNSYLVANIASTUDIESINHUMANRIGHTS BertB.Lockwood,Jr.,SeriesEditor Acompletelistofbooksintheseriesisavailablefromthepublisher. ALL NECESSARY MEASURES THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION Carrie Booth Walling UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA Copyright(cid:1)2013UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofreviewor scholarlycitation,noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeans withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ISBN978-0-8122-4534-9 To Dayne, Bennett, and Emery This page intentionally left blank C o n t e n t s 1. ConstructingHumanitarianIntervention 1 2. TheEmergenceofHumanRightsDiscourseintheSecurityCouncil: DomesticRepressioninIraq,1990–1992 33 3. StateCollapseinSomaliaandtheEmergenceofSecurityCouncil HumanitarianIntervention 62 4. FromNoninterventiontoHumanitarianIntervention:ContestedStories AboutSovereigntyandVictimhoodinBosnia-Herzegovina 89 5. ThePerpetratorStateandSecurityCouncilInaction: TheCaseofRwanda 119 6. InternationalLaw,HumanRights,andStateSovereignty:TheSecurity CouncilResponsetoKillingsinKosovo 151 7. ComplexConflictsandObstaclestoRescueinDarfur,Sudan 185 8. TheResponsibilitytoProtect,IndividualCriminalAccountability, andHumanitarianInterventioninLibya 213 9. CausalStories,HumanRights,andtheEvolutionofSovereignty 243 Notes 269 Index 303 Acknowledgments 307 This page intentionally left blank C h a p t e r 1 Constructing Humanitarian Intervention Itisimportantthatwhenciviliansingravedangercryout,the internationalcommunity,undaunted,isreadytorespond. —UNSecurityCouncil,17March2011 Ontheeveningof17March2011,membersoftheUnitedNationsSecurity Council (UNSC) met to discuss the deteriorating security situation in Libya. It was the fourth Security Council meeting on Libya in a month following the outbreak of violence between Colonel Muammar Qadhafi’s regime and the opponents to his rule. What started out in mid-February as peaceful protests against arbitrary arrest and extrajudicial killing by the government quickly deteriorated into an armed rebellion to overthrow Qadhafi and remove his regime from power. In the face of early rebel ad- vances in the western region of the country, Qadhafi’s son Saif al-Islam Qadhafi had threatened that ‘‘rivers of blood will run through Libya’’ and casualties would increase from the dozens into the thousands if protesters refused to accept regime-initiated reforms.1 Hours before the 17 March Security Council meeting, Colonel Qadhafi’s forces were poised to retake the rebel-held city of Benghazi. Qadhafi warned Benghazi’s residents that hisforceswouldcomethatnightand‘‘theywouldshownomercyorcom- passion’’ to the opponents of his rule.2 The Security Council, in United Nations (UN) headquarters in New York, was contemplating the text of a draftresolutionsubmittedbyFrance,Lebanon,theUnitedKingdom(UK), andtheUnitedStates(U.S.).Theresolutionproposedthecreationofano- flyzone intheairspaceofLibya and authorizedmemberstatestotake‘‘all necessarymeasures’’toprotectciviliansandcivilianpopulatedareasunder
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