All Flesh Is Grass: Plant-Animal Interrelationships PDF
Preview All Flesh Is Grass: Plant-Animal Interrelationships
All Flesh Is GrAss Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology Volume 16 Series Editor: Joseph Seckbach The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/5775 All Flesh Is Grass Plant-AnimalInterrelationships Edited by Joseph seckbach The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel and Zvy Dubinsky The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculaty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, 52900 Ramat Gan, Israel Editors Joseph seckbach Zvy Dubinsky The hebrew University of Jerusalem The Mina & everard Goodman Israel Facuaty of life sciences [email protected] Bar Ilan University 52900 ramat Gan Israel [email protected] IsBN 978-90-481-9315-8 e-IsBN 978-90-481-9316-5 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9316-5 springer Dordrecht heidelberg london New York library of Congress Control Number: 2010935723 © springer science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper springer is part of springer science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Table of ConTenTs Introduction/J. seckbach ......................................................................... vii list of Authors and Their Addresses ....................................................... xi PaRT 1: eVolUTIon of PlanT anImal RelaTIonshIP evolution of Plant–Animal Interactions [Chela-flores, J., et al.].................................................................... 9 PaRT 2: INSECTS INTERACTIONS The leaf Cutting Ant–Plant Interaction from a Microbial ecology Perspective [abril a.] ......................................................... 39 Intestinal spirochetes of Termites [König, h. and Dröge, s.] ................. 67 The Plant–Aphid Universe [Iluz, D.] ....................................................... 93 Insect–Plant Interactions: The Gall Factor [Raman, a.] ........................ 121 PaRT 3: POLLINATION AND SEED DISPERSAL Ants as Pollinators of Plants and the role of Floral scents [Rostás, m. and Tautz, J.] ............................................................... 151 Crop Pollination in Modern Agriculture [Dag, a.] ................................. 165 Bee Cognition and Crop Pollination: Proven and Potential Applications [shafir, s.] ............................................. 185 Zoochory: The Dispersal of Plants by Animals [Iluz, D.] .......................... 201 PaRT 4: ANIMALS AND HUMANS INVOLVEMENT Grazing livestock, Our Connection To Grass: A Mediterra nean Insight: Why They eat What They eat, and how It Affects Us [landau, s.Y. and molle, G.]...................... 219 v vi TABle OF CONTeNTs herbivore–Plant Interactions and Desertification in Arid lands [Whitford, W.G. and steinberger, Y.] .............................................. 239 Microscopic in size: Macroscopic in Impact. Diatom–human Interactions [Kociolek, J.P.] ................................... 259 PaRT 5: PLANT DEFENSES Biochemical Plant Defenses Against herbivores: From Poisons to spices [smith, C.m.] ............................................. 289 The Xanthium Genus: Cocklebur Toxins Against hostile surroundings and Its Pharmacological Properties [seckbach, J.] ................................................................................... 313 PaRT 6: MARINE ENVIRONMENTS The Diversity of epizoic Diatoms: relationships Between Diatoms and Marine Invertebrates [Totti, C., et al.] ........................ 327 epizoic Diatoms on Gastropod shells: When substrate Complexity selects for Microcommunity Complexity [D’alelio, D., et al.] ........ 349 Managing the Interactions Between Plants and Animals in Marine Multi-Trophic Aquaculture: Integrated shrimp and Valuable low Food Chain Organisms with seaweeds [Robledo, D. and freile-Pelegrín, Y.] .............................................. 367 Marine Microralgae/Cyanobacteria–Invertebrate symbiosis: Trading energy for strategic Material [stambler, n.] ...................... 385 The role of rhodolith Beds in the recruitment of Invertebrate species: from the south western Gulf of California, Mexico [Riosmena-Rodriguez, R. and medina-lópez, m.a.] .................... 417 Fueled by symbiosis, foraminifera have evolved to be Giant Complex Protists [Lee, J.J.] ............................................................. 429 PaRT 7: CARNIVOROUS PLANTS ecophysiological look at Plant Carnivory: Why Are Plants Carnivorous? [adamec, l.]............................................................... 457 reversing the roles of Predator and Prey: A review of Carnivory in the Botanical World [Rice, b.a.] ................................. 493 Organism Index ........................................................................................ 519 subject Index ........................................................................................... 523 Author Index ............................................................................................ 531 InTRoDUCTIon To all flesh Is GRass: PlanT–anImal InTeRaCTIons “What shall I proclaim? all flesh is grass, All its goodness like flowers of the field” Isaiah 40: 6 Plants are the base of life; without the green world of the photosynthesis performers there is almost no life on earth. The rise of angiosperms (flower plants) in the early Cretaceous (~140 million years ago) was accompanied by coevolution of a variety of insects, including flies, bees, and wasps required for pollination (ollerton and Coulthard, 2009). Plants and animals interact; the animals release CO to the atmo- 2 sphere and produce organic fertilizers in their nutrient-laden excretions. While the plants absorb CO (during photosynthesis) and uptake the organic animal excretion 2 and use these materials to build the new tissues of their botanical bodies. The animal manure may also serve for making clean fuel and natural gas. There is age-old respect for the edible trees, even the Bible prohibits cutting down fruit trees, not even during war time or when waging siege against an enemy city (Deuteronomy 20:19–20). This command aims at keeping ecology in balance and expresses appreciation for the useful vegetation. Actually, the Bible contains numer- ous statements about man-plant relationships, starting from Adam and eve in the Garden of eden to the later books of the holy scriptures; in Psalms are many men- tions of the interrelations between the green world and zoological life. In this book, the authors discuss the evolution of plant-animal relations and phenomena of symbiosis between algae, plants, and other living organism. This vol- ume contains twenty-two chapters contributed by thirty-nine authors from the follow- ing countries: Argentina, Australia, Czech republic, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, United states, and Venezuela. Marine environments where these relations occur are the focus of a number of chapters. The important bioactivities of the transfer of pollen grains for the production of fruit are described in the chapters on pollination. Another section of this volume highlights the interesting and exceptional carnivorous plants that trap and consume insects and other small organisms so as to extract vital nutrition from their prey. Other chapters deal with the Aphids, Galls, and chemical plant protection against grazing and animal attacks. vii viii INTrODUCTION TO All Flesh Is GrAss: PlANT–ANIMAl INTerACTIONs This volume is number 16 of COle series edited by J. seckbach and published by springer. We hope that the readers will draw updated information from the rich chapters contributed by experts in their field. hebrew University of Jerusalem Joseph seckbach Jerusalem, Israel November 2009 Biodata of Joseph seckbach, editor, with Zvy Dubinsky, of this volume and author of opening and Xanthium chapter in this volume. Professor Joseph seckbach is the founder and chief editor of Cellular Origins, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology (“COle”) book series. he has co-edited other volumes, such as the Proceeding of Endocytobiology VII Conference (Freiburg, Germany) and the Proceedings of Algae and Extreme Environments meeting (Trebon, Czech republic). see http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/bo/novahedwig- 051012300-desc.ht). his co-edited the recent volume (with richard Gordon) entitled Divine Action and Natural Selection: Science, Faith, and Evolution published by World scientific Publishing Company Dr. seckbach earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (1965) and did a postdoctorate in the Division of Biology at Caltech, in Pasadena, CA. he was appointed to the faculty of the hebrew University (Jerusalem, Israel). he spent sab- baticals at UClA and harvard University. and DAAD-sponsored periods in Tübingen, Germany, and at lMU, Munich. Dr seckbach served at louisiana state University, Baton rouge,as the first selected occupant of the endowed Chair for the louisiana sea Grant and Technology transfer. Beyond editing academic volumes, he has published scientific articles on plant ferritin–phytoferritin, cellular evolution, acidothermophilic algae, and life in extreme environments. he also edited and translated several popular books. Dr. seckbach is the co-author, with r. Ikan, of the hebrew-language Chemistry Lexicon (Deveer publisher, Jerusalem). his recent interest is in the field of enigmatic microorganisms and life in extreme environments. e-mail: [email protected] wwwwwww
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