All About History Roman Republic - 12 June 2022

150 Pages·2022·184.5 MB·English

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THE BIRTH OF ROME | THE PUNIC WARS | CAESAR
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he glory of Rome awaits you. You will

learn of its founding father, discover why

the city’s last king was dethroned and

explore how the Romans conquered the
Italian Peninsula. You will also experience what
daily life was like in the Republic, meet the generals
of Carthage who sought to destroy it and immerse
yourself in the ferocious civil wars that would
ultimately lead to the birth of the Roman Empire.
This is a land of viper-like politicians, ruthlessly
ambitious commanders and restless slaves, a world
in which only the most brilliant rise to the summit
of power. May the gods watch over you.

ROMAN
REPUBLIC

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——————— ROMAN REPUBLIC

RISE OF THE REPUBLIC
10 The founding of Rome
12 Thelast king of Rome
18 The Twelve Tables

22 Howto get elected
as consul

SACKINGS AND SLAVERY

26 Thesacking of Rome
390 BCE

30 The Republic goes
to war

36 Daily lifeinthe
Roman Republic

40 Adomestic slave in
ancient Rome

42 Howtocelebrate
Saturnalia

44 Insidea Roman villa
46 Roman aqueducts

48 Inside the Circus
Maximus

50 The Appian Way

“If you must break
the law, do it to seize
power: in all other
cases observe it” -
Julius Caesar
CONTENTS

THE PUNIC WARS
54 Aclash of superpowers
56 The Battle of Ecnomus

60 Hannibal: Enemy
of Rome

70 The Battle of Zama

76 The destruction
of Carthage

WAR AND ORDER

82 The Marian
military reforms

84 Anatomy ofa Roman
legionnaire

- 86 Lifeinthe legion
43 90 The Social War

94 Sulla’s Civil Wars

100 Spartacus

CAESAR

110 Caesar and the First
Triumvirate

116 The Gallic Wars
120 The Battle of Alesia

124 Caesar vs the Senate

134 Cleopatra: Serpent of
the Nile

142 The Battle of Actium

144 Empire state of mind
ROMAN REPUBLIC ——-

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10 The founding of Rome
Meet the squabbling brothers
who battled to build Rome

12 Thelast king of Rome
As with most republics, Rome's
was forged in the furnace of war

18 The Twelve Tables
Having won the right to rule
themselves, the people of Rome
demanded fair governance. The
Twelve Tables dictated much of
daily life

22 Howtoget elected
as consul
From bribery to beatings,
Senators stopped at nothing to
seize the ultimate prize
RISE OF THE REPUBLIC
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— RISE OF THE REPUBLIC ——

THE MYTHICAL ORIGINS BEHIND ONE OF
THE GREATEST CITIES IN THE WORLD

O Written by Jessica Leggett O

ccording to mythology, Rome
was founded on 21 April 753

BCE by twin brothers Romulus
A AA and Remus. Their mother, Rhea
Silvia, was the daughter of King Numitor of
Alba Longa, who is thought to have been

a descendant of Aeneas, the Trojan hero, son
of Venus and around whom Virgil's epic poem,
he Aeneid, was centred.

Numitor's throne was usurped by his
younger brother, Amulius, who forced Rhea
‘o become a Vestal Virgin to prevent her from
giving birth to any heirs that could rival his
claim to the throne. Although Rhea took the
vow of celibacy, she was subsequently raped
by Mars, the god of war, and she gave birth to
he twin boys.

Angered, Amulius had Rhea imprisoned and
he ordered that the boys should be drowned
in the Tiber River. Instead, their basket drifted
down the river and they washed up ashore
underneath a fig tree. It was here that a she-
wolf discovered the twins and suckled them,
while it is said that a woodpecker found
them food. The two animals were considered
sacred to Mars.

Eventually, the boys were found and raised
by a shepherd named Faustulus and his wife.
Romulus and Remus grew up to become
shepherds like their adoptive father. While
out herding their sheep one day, they became
embroiled in an argument between the
supporters of Numitor and Amulius. Remus
was captured and taken to Alba Longa, so
Romulus headed to the city to free his brother.
Shortly afterwards, the boys discovered their
true identities and sought revenge against
Amulius by killing him and restoring their
grandfather, Numitor, to the throne.

The twins then returned to the place where
they had been saved as babies and decided to
found a new city there. An argument between
the two brothers quickly ensued, possibly over
the location of their new city, as it is said that
Romulus wanted to build it on the Palatine

Hill while Remus preferred the Aventine Hill,
although they may have also been fighting over
who would get to rule their new city. When
Romulus started building the city wall, Remus
jumped over it, mocking its size. Romulus
killed him and named the new city Rome.

To populate his new city, Romulus offered
asylum to fugitives and exiles. Realising that
he also needed women to join them, he invited
his neighbours, the Sabines, to a festival. He
hen seized the opportunity to abduct their
young women, which triggered a war between
he two groups. In the end, a peace treaty was
arranged that united the two groups under
one nation, establishing joint rule under both
Romulus and Titus Tatius, the Sabine king.
When Tatius was murdered just five years later,
Romulus was left as the sole ruler.

After ruling for 37 years, Romulus vanished
during a violent thunderstorm. The mysterious
circumstances surrounding his disappearance
led to speculation that he had been murdered
by his senior advisors, who then hid his body.
This caused outrage among the Roman people
and tensions in the city began to rise. To deal
with these rumours, it was announced that
Romulus had been taken to heaven by Mars,
which led many to believe that their king had
become a god himself. As a result, Romulus
was worshipped by many as a deity, assuming
he name of Quirinus.

This myth about the founding of Rome
first appeared in the 4th century BCE, four
centuries after it supposedly took place, and
he exact date that is generally used today was
first decided on by Titus Pomponius Atticus,

a wealthy Roman banker, and later adopted by
he great scholar Marcus Terentius Varro. The
story was famously recounted in The History
Of Rome by Titus Livius, the Roman historian
who is more commonly known as ‘Livy’.

Rome was ultimately built to the east of
the Tiber River on seven hills, including the
Palatine and the Aventine, with the site known
today as ‘The Seven Hills Of Rome’. In recent

“A she-wolf
discovered the
twins and suckled
them, while
a woodpecker
found them food”

years, archaeologists have uncovered evidence
of a wall that was constructed sometime
between the 9th and the 8th century BCE -
before the official date given for the founding
of Rome - and there is evidence suggesting
that inhabitants were living on the Palatine Hill
back in the 10th century BCE.

However much of it is true, the story of
Romulus and Remus certainly impacted the
development of Roman identity and attitudes
- for example, the she-wolf was adopted as
the symbol of nationality when the Republic
was established in c.509 BCE. We may never
know the true origins of Rome, but they will
undoubtedly continue to fascinate us for
centuries to come.