Alkali Metal Halates, Ammonium Iodate & Iodic Acid

530 Pages·1987·10.604 MB·English

by  H. Miyamoto and M. Salomon (Eds.)

SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
Volume 1 H. L. Clever, Helium and Neon
Volume 2 H. L. Clever, Krypton, Xenon and Radon
Volume 3 M. Salomon, Silver Azide, Cyanide, Cyanamides, Cyanate, Selenocyanate and
Thiocyanate
Volume 4 H. L Clever, Argon
Volume 5/6 C. L. Young, Hydrogen and Deuterium
Volume 7 R. Battino, Oxygen and Ozone
Volume 8 C. L. Young, Oxides of Nitrogen
Volume 9 W. Hayduk, Ethane
Volume 10 R. Battino, Nitrogen and Air
Volume 11 B. Scrosati and C. A. Vincent, Alkali Metal, Alkaline Earth Metal and Ammonium Halides.
Amide So/vents
Volume 12 C. L. Young, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides
Volume 13 S. Siekierski, T. Mioduski and M. Salomon, Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and
Lanthanide Nitrates
Volume 14 H. Miyamoto, M. Salomon and H. L. Clever, Alkaline Earth Metal Halates
Volume 15 A. F. M. Barton, Alcohols with Water
Volume 16/17 E. Tomlinson and A. Regosz, Antibiotics: I. ^-Lactam Antibiotics
Volume 18 0. Popovych, Tetraphenylborates
Volume 19 C. L. Young, Cumulative Index: Volumes 1-18
Volume 20 A. L. Horvath and F. W. Getzen, Halogenated Benzenes, Toluenes and Phenols with
Water
Volume 21 C. L. Young and P. G. T. Fogg, Ammonia, Amines, Phosphine, Arsine, Stibine, Silane,
Germane and Stannane in Organic Solvents
Volume 22 T. Mioduski and M. Salomon, Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Lanthanide Halides in
Nonaqueous Solvents
Volume 23 T. P. Dirkse, Copper, Silver, Gold, and Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury Oxides and Hydroxides
Volume 24 W. Hayduk, Propane, Butane and 2-Methy/propane
Volume 25 C. Hirayama, Z. Galus and C. Guminski, Metals in Mercury
Volume 26 M. R. Masson, H. D. Lutz and B. Engelen, Sulfites, Se/enites and Tellurites
Volume 27/28 H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Methane
Volume 29 H. L. Clever, Mercury in Liquids, Compressed Gases, Molten Salts and Other Elements
Volume 30 H. Miyamoto and M. Salomon, Alkali Metal Halates, Ammonium lodate and Iodic Acid
Selected Volumes in Preparation
E. Tomlinson, Antibiotics: II. Peptide Antibiotics
H. Miyamoto, Copper and Silver Halates
J. W. Lorimer, Beryllium, Strontium, Barium and Radium Sulfates
H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Carbon Dioxide
NOTICE TO READERS
Dear Reader
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Robert Maxwell
Publisher at Pergamon Press
SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
Editor-in-Chief
A. S. KERTES
Volume 30
ALKALI METAL HALATES,
AMMONIUM IODATE AND
IODIC ACID
Volume Editors
HIROSHI MIYAMOTO MARK SALOMON
Niigata University US Army ET & DL (LABCOM)
Niigata, Japan Fort Monmouth, NJ, USA
Contributors
BRUNO SCROSATI GABOR JANCSO RAUL HERRERA
University of Rome Hungarian Academy of Sciences Ohio State University
Italy Budapest Hungary Columbus, OH, USA
THEODORE P. DIRKSE ANDRZEJ MACZYNSKI ALEXANDER VAN HOOK
Calvin College Polish Academy of Sciences University of Tennessee
Grand Rapids, Ml, USA Warsaw, Poland Knoxville, TN, USA
MICHELLE C. UCHIYAMA
US Army ET & DL (LABCOM)
Fort Monmouth, NJ, USA
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Copyright © 1987 International Union of Pure and
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First edition 1987
Library of Congress has cataloged this serial title
as follows:
Solubility data series. - Vol. 1 — Oxford; New York:
Pergamon, c 1979-
v.; 28 cm.
Separately cataloged and classified in LC before no. 18.
ISSN 0191-5622 - Solubility data series.
1. Solubility-Tables-Collected works.
QD543.S6629 541.3'42'05-dd9 85-641351
AACR 2 MARC-S
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Alkali metal halates, ammonium iodate and iodic acid.
—(Solubility data series; v. 30).
1. Alkali metal halates—Solubility
2. Iodic acid—Solubility
3. Ammonium halates—Solubility
I. Miyamoto, Hiroshi II. Salomon, Mark
III. Scrosati, Bruno IV. Series
546'38 QD165
ISBN 0-08-029210 0
Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton & Co. Ltd., Exeter
SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
Editor-in-Chief
A. S. KERTES
The Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel
EDITORIAL BOARD
H. Akaiwa (Japan) Κ. H. Khoo (Malaysia)
Ch. Balarew (Bulgaria) J. W. Lorimer (Canada)
A. F. M. Barton (Australia) H. Miyamoto (Japan)
K. R. Bullock (USA) A. F. D. de Namor (UK)
H. L Clever (USA) M Salomon (USA)
R. Cohen-Adad (France) S. Siekierski (Poland)
J.-J. Counioux (France) Α. Szafranski (Poland)
L H. Gevantman (USA) R. P. T. Tomkins (USA)
H. J. M. Grunbauer (The Netherlands) V. M. Valyashko (USSR)
C. L. Young (Australia)
Managing Editor
P. D. GUJRAL
IUPAC Secretariat, Oxford, UK
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY
IUPAC Secretariat: Bank Court Chambers, 2-3 Pound Way,
Cowley Centre, Oxford 0X4 3YF, UK
FOREWORD
If the knowledge is
undigested or simply wrong,
more is not better
How to communicate and disseminate numerical data effectively in chemical
science and technology has been a problem of serious and growing concern to
IUPAC, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, for the last two
decades. The steadily expanding volume of numerical information, the
formulation of new interdisciplinary areas in which chemistry is a partner,
and the links between these and existing traditional subdisciplines in
chemistry, along with an increasing number of users, have been considered as
urgent aspects of the information problem in general, and of the numerical
data problem in particular.
Among the several numerical data projects initiated and operated by
various IUPAC commissions, the Solubility Data Project is probably one of
the most ambitious ones. It is concerned with preparing a comprehensive
critical compilation of data on solubilities in all physical systems, of
gases, liquids and solids. Both the basic and applied branches of almost all
scientific disciplines require a knowledge of solubilities as a function of
solvent, temperature and pressure. Solubility data are basic to the
fundamental understanding of processes relevant to agronomy, biology,
chemistry, geology and oceanography, medicine and pharmacology, and metallurgy
and materials science. Knowledge of solubility is very frequently of great
importance to such diverse practical applications as drug dosage and drug
solubility in biological fluids, anesthesiology, corrosion by dissolution of
metals, properties of glasses, ceramics, concretes and coatings, phase
relations in the formation of minerals and alloys, the deposits of minerals
and radioactive fission products from ocean waters, the composition of ground
waters, and the requirements of oxygen and other gases in life support systems.
The widespread relevance of solubility data to many branches and
disciplines of science, medicine, technology and engineering, and the
difficulty of recovering solubility data from the literature, lead to the
proliferation of published data in an ever increasing number of scientific and
technical primary sources. The sheer volume of data has overcome the capacity
of the classical secondary and tertiary services to respond effectively.
While the proportion of secondary services of the review article type is
generally increasing due to the rapid growth of all forms of primary
literature, the review articles become more limited in scope, more
specialized. The disturbing phenomenon is that in some disciplines, certainly
in chemistry, authors are reluctant to treat even those limited-in-scope
reviews exhaustively. There is a trend to preselect the literature, sometimes
under the pretext of reducing it to manageable size. The crucial problem with
such preselection - as far as numerical data are concerned - is that there is
no indication as to whether the material was excluded by design or by a less
than thorough literature search. We are equally concerned that most, current
secondary sources, critical in character as they may be, give scant attention
to numerical data.
On the other hand, tertiary sources - handbooks, reference books and other
tabulated and graphical compilations - as they exist today are comprehensive
but, as a rule, uncritical. They usually attempt to cover whole disciplines,
and thus obviously are superficial in treatment. Since they command a wide
market, we believe that their service to the advancement of science is at
least questionable. Additionally, the change which is ta'.ing place in the
generation of new and diversified numerical data, and the rate at which this
is done, is not reflected in an increased third-level service. The emergence
of new tertiary literature sources does not parallel the shift that has
occurred in the primary literature.
Foreword ix
With the status of current secondary and tertiary services being as
briefly stated above, the innovative approach of the Solubility Data Project
is that its compilation and critical evaluation work involve consolidation and
reprocessing services when both activities are based on intellectual and
scholarly reworking of information from primary sources. It comprises compact
compilation, rationalization and simplification, and the fitting of isolated
numerical data into a critically evaluated general framework.
The Solubility Data Project has developed a mechanism which involves a
number of innovations in exploiting the literature fully, and which contains
new elements of a more imaginative approach for transfer of reliable
information from primary to secondary/tertiary sources. The fundamental
trend of the Solubility Data Project is toward integration of secondary and
tertiary services with the objective of producing in-depth critical analysis
and evaluation which are characteristic to secondary services, in a scope as
broad as conventional tertiary services.
Fundamental to the philosophy of the project is the recognition that the
basic element of strength is the active participation of career scientists in
it. Consolidating primary data, producing a truly critically-evaluated set of
numerical data, and synthesizing data in a meaningful relationship are demands
considered worthy of the efforts of top scientists. Career scientists, who
themselves contribute to science by their involvement in active scientific
research, are the backbone of the project. The scholarly work is commissioned
to recognized authorities, involving a process of careful selection in the
best tradition of IUPAC. This selection in turn is the key to the quality of
the output. These top experts are expected to view their specific topics
dispassionately, paying equal attention to their own contributions and to
those of their peers. They digest literature data into a coherent story by
weeding out what is wrong from what is believed to be right. To fulfill this
task, the evaluator must cover all relevant open literature. No reference
is excluded by design and every effort is made to detect every bit of relevant
primary source. Poor quality or wrong data are mentioned and explicitly
disqualified as such. In fact, it is only when the reliable data are
presented alongside the unreliable data that proper justice can be done. The
user is bound to have incomparably more confidence in a succinct evaluative
commentary and a comprehensive review with a complete bibliography to both
good and poor data.
It is the standard practice that the treatment of any given solute-solvent
system consists of two essential parts: I. Critical Evaluation and Recommended
Values, and II. Compiled Data Sheets.
The Critical Evaluation part gives the following information:
(i) a verbal text of evaluation which discusses the numerical
solubility information appearing in the primary sources located in
the literature. The evaluation text concerns primarily the quality
of data after consideration of the purity of the materials and
their characterization, the experimental method employed and the
uncertainties in control of physical parameters, the
reproducibility of the data, the agreement of the worker's results
on accepted test systems with standard values, and finally, the
fitting of data, with suitable statistical tests, to mathematical
functions;
(ii) a set of recommended numerical data. Whenever possible, the set of
recommended data includes weighted average and standard deviations,
and a set of smoothing equations derived from the experimental data
endorsed by the evaluator;
(iii) a graphical plot of recommended data.
The Compilation part consists of data sheets of the best experimental data
in the primary literature. Generally speaking, such independent data sheets
are given only to the best and endorsed data covering the known range of
experimental parameters. Data sheets based on primary sources where the data
are of a lower precision are given only when no better data are available.
Experimental data with a precision poorer than considered acceptable are
reproduced in the form of data sheets when they are the only known data for a
particular system. Such data are considered to be still suitable for some
applications, and their presence in the compilation should alert researchers
to areas that need more work.
AM H—A*
χ Foreword
The typical data sheet carries the following information:
(i) components - definition of the system - their names, formulas and
Chemical Abstracts registry numbers;
(ii) reference to the primary source where the numerical information is
reported. In cases when the primary source is a less common
periodical or a report document, published though of limited
availability, abstract references are also given;
(iii) experimental variables;
(iv) identification of the compiler;
(v) experimental values as they appear in the primary source.
Whenever available, the" data may be given both in tabular and
graphical form. If auxiliary information is available, the
experimental data are converted also to SI units by the compiler.
Under the general heading of Auxiliary Information, the essential
experimental details are summarized:
(vi) experimental method used for the generation of data;
(vii) type of apparatus and procedure employed;
(viii) source and purity of materials;
(ix) estimated error;
(x) references relevant to the generation of experimental data as
cited in the primary source.
This new approach to numerical data presentation, formulated at the
initiation of the project and perfected as experience has accumulated, has
been strongly influenced by the diversity of background of those whom we are
supposed to serve. We thus deemed it right to preface the
evaluation/compilation sheets in each volume with a detailed discussion of the
principles of the accurate determination of relevant solubility data and
related thermodynamic information.
Finally, the role of education is more than corollary to the efforts we
are seeking. The scientific standards advocated here are necessary to
strengthen science and technology, and should be regarded as a major effort in
the training and formation of the next generation of scientists and
engineers. Specifically, we believe that there is going to be an impact of
our project on scientific-communication practices. The quality of
consolidation adopted by this program offers down-to-earth guidelines,
concrete examples which are bound to make primary publication services more
responsive than ever before to the needs of users. The self-regulatory
message to scientists of the early 1970s to refrain from unnecessary
publication has not achieved much. A good fraction of the literature is still
cluttered with poor-quality articles. The Weinberg report (in 'Reader in
Science Information', ed. J. Sherrod and A. Hodina, Microcard Editions Books,
Indian Head, Inc., 1973, p. 292) states that 'admonition to authors to
restrain themselves from premature, unnecessary publication can have little
effect unless the climate of the entire technical and scholarly community
encourages restraint...' We think that projects of this kind translate the
climate into operational terms by exerting pressure on authors to avoid
submitting low-grade material. The type of our output, we hope, will
encourage attention to quality as authors will increasingly realize that their
work will not be suited for permanent retrievability unless it meets the
standards adopted in this project. It should help to dispel confusion in the
minds of many authors of what represents a permanently useful bit of
information of an archival value, and what does not.
If we succeed in that aim, even partially, we have then done our share in
protecting the scientific community from unwanted and irrelevant, wrong
numerical information.
A. S. Kertes
PREFACE
The present volume is the second of four volumes planned for inorganic metal halates.
The first, on ALKALINE EARTH METAL HALATES, was published in 1983 (1), and two more
volumes, on copper and silver halates, and on transition and rare earth metal halates are
in course of preparation.
The alkali and alkaline earth metal halates have an important place in the history
of both theoretical and practical analytical chemistry. In 1848, Berthelot, in France,
described the use of potassium iodate as a standard titrant for the determination of
iodide, and the well established method for determining phenol with excess bromate-
bromine reagent in acid solution was first described by Knop in 1845, and further develop-
ed by Koppeschaar in 1875. Important practical applications of halate chemistry include
their use in pyrotechnics, and in the paper pulp industry for the generation of chloric
dioxide blanching agent.
In spite of the long history on the chemistry of alkali metal halates, the reader
will discover that there are still considerable uncertainties in the nature of solid
phases and transition temperatures for a number of systems: e.g. we can cite the binary
systems L1IO3 - H2O and HIO3 - H2O. Hopefully, this volume will serve as a guide for
future studies on these systems.
The literature of the solubilities of alkali metal halates was covered through the
first half of 1984, and we believe this survey to be complete. In a few instances,
relevant papers were not compiled since it was not possible to obtain either reprints or
other reproductions of the original publication. We were, for example, unable to obtain
the paper in Ref. (2), and this publication was omitted from this volume. A number of
publications were not compiled or referred to in the critical evaluations for a variety
of reasons. In Ref. (3), KCIO3 was stated to be "appreciably soluble" in liquid SO2, and
in Ref. (4) only partial phase diagrams were given for several ternary NaClU3 systems
with no numerical solubility data. Some publications dealing with solubilities in non-
aqueous solvents were not compiled as the authors stated various alkali metal halates
were "insoluble" (5-7) without providing numerical information.
To arrive at either tL£COmm&nd£d or tentative, solubility values, we generally applied
a statistical treatment similar to that recommended by Cohen-Adad (8) based on the
thermodynamic treatment of saturated solutions and their equilibrated solid phases (8-10)
as discussed in the INTRODUCTION TO THE SOLUBILITY Of SOLIVS IN LIQUIDS found in this
volume. These thermodynamic treatments show that for binary systems, solubilities over
the complete range of ice as the solid phase to the melting of the pure solute can be
expressed by
Υ = A/(T/K) + Β In (T/K) + C + D(T/K) [1]
The complex Y term in eq. [1] takes different forms depending upon the concentration
units employed. In the present volume, the evaluators have analyzed solubilities based
on mole fraction and mass units, and in terms of mole fraction units, the complex Y term
(called Yx throughout this volume) is given by (8-10). ] [ 2
Yx - In { vX(l-X)r(v +v+rr/ )[r r(1 +v+xr)) }
where r is the solvation number in the solid phase, ν is the number of ions produced
upon dissolution, and χ is the mole fraction solubility. When sufficient data were
available, the evaluators used eq. [2] in a four parameter fit to eq. [1]: note that for
the ice polytherm, ν = 0 and r = 1.
For solubilities expressed in mol kg"~l units, the evaluators used a simpler form of
Y referred to as Ym throughout this volume. Ym is given by (see 8-11 and the INTRODUC-
TION to this volume):
Ym = In (m/m0) - rM(m - m0) [3]
where r is the solvation number of the solid, m is the molality of the saturated
solution, mQ is an arbitrarily selected reference molality (usually the molality at 298
Κ), and M is the molar mass of the solvent. When fitting the Ym terms to eq. [1], the
evaluators generally used a three parameter fit (i.e. the constants A, Β and C were
evaluated).
xii Preface
In fitting the solubility data for binary systems to the smoothing eq. [1], the
evaluators rejected a number of data points based on the deviation from the standard
error of estimate, σ: that is, when the difference between calculated and observed
solubilities exceeded 2σ, the data point was rejected. For mole fraction solubilities,
the standard error of estimate, σχ is defined by:
12/
°x - { X(Xobsd " Xcalcd)/(N - 4)} [4]
where Ν is the number of data points associated with the particular polytherm being
considered. A similar relation exists for the standard error of estimate for mol kg~"^
solubilities, Om, but the evaluators used (N - 3) in the denominator since Ym values were
fitted to a three constant smoothing equation. In addition to reporting the standard
errors σχ and am, the evaluators also reported the standard errors for the Y terms (Yx
and Ym), denoted simply as Oy in the evaluations.
For convenience of the users, the evaluators have prepared two computer programs
written in BASIC to calculate the solubilities at any temperature. The programs called
"CALG_X" and "CALCLM" are given on the pages following the references. Note that the
user is requested to enter an initial estimate of the solubility to start the calculations.
Since the Newton-Raphson iteration method is used, the user should be aware that a very
poor initial estimate of the solubility may result in convergence at an incorrect answer.
Finally, we should like to point out that both programs use double precision in the calcu-
lations (statement number 20 in both programs: DEFDBL A-H, 0-Z). Using IBM-PC or compat-
ibles with MS-BASIC, double precision is required to give at least 8-bit numerical preci-
sion.
Although an attempt has been made to locate all publications on the system under
consideration through the first half of 1984, some omissions may have occurred. The
editors will therefore be grateful to readers who will bring these omissions to their
attention.
The editors would like to acknowledge the cooperation of the American Chemical
Society and VAAP, the copyright agency of the USSR, for their permission to reproduce
phase diagrams from their publications.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the advice and comments from members of IUPAC
Commission V.8 (the Commission on Solubility Data), and in particular to Professors H. L.
Clever, R. Cohen-Adad, J. W. Lorimer, and A. S. Kertes. We are also grateful to Dr. K.
Loening of the Chemical Abstracts Service for providing Registry Numbers for numerous
compounds.
One of us (H.M.) would also like to acknowledge the hospitality of Prof. H. L. Clever
during his stay at the Solubility Research and Information Center at Emory University in
Atlanta, GA, USA (1981-1982), and to Profs. Hideo Akaiwa (Gunma University) and Michihiro
Fujii (Niigata University) for valuable comments and suggestions. We would also like to
thank Ms. Karen Salomon for her help in translations. Finally the editors would like to
thank Mrs. Shikako Miyamoto for her assistance with the tedious calculations of converting
experimental solubility data in mass % units to S.I. units.
REFERENCES
1. Miyamoto, H. ; Salomon, M. and Clever, H. L. , eds. TUPAC SOLUBILITY PATA SERIES VOLUME
14: ALKALINE EARTH METAL HALATES. Pergamon Press, London, 1983.
2. Malyshev, Α. Α.; Kuz'menko, A. L.; Novikov, G. I.; Tomasheva, L. T. ϊζυ. Vyteh.
Uchzbn. laved., Khlm. Kkim. T&kknol. 1982, 25, 380.
3. Perkins, H. ; Taft, R. J. ?kiJ6. Ckm. 1925, 29, 1075.
4. Perel'man, F. M. ; Korzhenyak, I. G. Ih. Weo^q. Khun. 1963, 73, 277.
5. Kolthoff, I. M. ; Chantooni, M. K. J. ?ky&. Ckejrn. 1973, 77, 523.
6. Isbin, H. S. ; Kobe, K. A. J. Am. Ckm. Soc. 1945, 67, 464,
7. Miravitlles, M. L. Ann. ViA. Quàn. [Μάκλά] 1945, 41, 120.
8. Cohen-Adad, R. Pu/ie and Appt. Cham. 1985, 57, 255.
9. Counioux, J. -J.; Tenu, R. -J. Ckùn. ?hyt>. 1981, 78, 816.
10. Tenu, R. ; Counioux, J.-J. J. Chun. ?hyt>. 1981, 78, 823.
Preface xiii
REFERENCES (Continued)
11. Siekierski, S. ; Mioduski, T.; Salomon, M. , eds. IUVAC SOLUBILITY VATA SERIES VOLUME
13: SCAHVIUM YTTRIUM, LANTHANUM AHV LANTHANIVE NITRATES. Pergamon Pr,e sLs ondon,
1983.
Hiroshi Miyamoto, Niigata, Japan
Mark Salomon, Fort Monmouth, NJ, USA
November, 1986
10 ' CALC M
20 DEFDBL Α-Η,Ο-Ζ
30 ' PROGRAM TO CALCULATE mol/kg SOLUBILITIES FOR A SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE
40 ' BASED ON THE SMOOTHING EQUATION GIVEN IN THE PREFACE
50 '
60 DIM G$[80]
70 PRINT "ENTER PROBLEM IDENTIFYING INFORMATION"
80 INPUT G$
90 PRINT
100 PRINT "ENTER CONSTANTS IN y - Α/Τ + Β log(Τ) + C "
110 PRINT
120 INPUT "CONSTANT A = ",A
130 INPUT "CONSTANT Β - ",B
140 INPUT "CONSTANT C - ",C
150 PRINT
160 PRINT "ENTER DATA TO IDENTIFY THE POLYTHERM"
170 PRINT
180 INPUT "MOLAR MASS OF SOLVENT - ",W
190 INPUT "SOLVATION NUMBER OF SOLID PHASE - ",R
200 INPUT "REFERENCE MOLALITY - ",M0
210 INPUT "CHOOSE ITERATION LIMIT FOR CALCD mol/kg SOLUBILITIES: ",MLIM
220 PRINT
230 LPRINT
11
240 LPRINT G$
250 LPRINT "CONSTANT A — ; A
260 LPRINT "CONSTANT Β - "; Β
270 LPRINT "CONSTANT C » ";C
280 LPRINT "MOLAR MASS OF SOLVENT - ";W
290 LPRINT "SOLVATION NUMBER - ";R
300 LPRINT "REFERENCE MOLALITY - ";M0
310 LPRINT "CONVERGERNCE LIMIT SET AT "; MLIM
320 LPRINT
330 1
340 ' START CALCULATIONS
350 t
360 I - 0
370 PRINT "ENTER TEMP AND AN INITIAL GUESS FOR THE MOLALITY"
380 INPUT "T/K - ",T
390 INPUT "GUESS FOR THE MOLALITY IS: ",MSTART
400 I - I + 1
410
420 ' NEWTON-RAPHSON ITERATION
430 1
440 FO - A/T + B*LOG(T) + C + LOG(M0/MSTART) + R*W*(MSTART - M0)/1000
450 Fl - R*W/1000 - 1/MSTART
460 MNEW - MSTART - F0/F1
470 IF ABS(MSTART - MNEW) < MLIM THEN 500
480 MSTART - MNEW
490 GOTO 440
500 PRINT
510 PRINT "FOR Τ/Κ - ";Τ;" , SOLUBILITY (mol/kg) - ";MNEW
520 PRINT
530 LPRINT
540 LPRINT "FOR CALCULATION No. ";I
550 LPRINT "Τ/Κ - ";T;" or t/C - ";T-273.15
560 LPRINT "SOLUBILITY - ";MNEW;" mol/kg"
570 LPRINT
580 PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO CALCULATE A NEW SOLUBILITY AT A NEW TEMPERATURE?"
590 INPUT "ENTER Y/N: ",C$
600 IF C$ - "Y" OR C$ - "y" THEN 370
610 END