Alienation in contemporary British fiction BA SENEKAL

214 Pages·2009·1.76 MB·English

Alienation as a fictional construct in four
contemporary British novels: A Literary-
theoretical Study

Burgert Adriaan Senekal
Alienation as a fictional construct in four contemporary British novels: A Literary-theoretical Study Page 2 of 214

Alienation as a fictional construct in four
contemporary British novels: A Literary-
theoretical Study

Burgert Adriaan Senekal

Submitted to meet the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty
of Humanities, Department of English and Classical Languages, at the University of
the Free State.

Supervisor: Ms. Manuela Lovisa, Department of English and Classical Languages

May 2008

Burgert A Senekal
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I hereby certify that this is thesis submitted to meet the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts at the University of the Free State, is my own independent work,
and that it has not been submitted previously at another university or faculty. I
further relinquish my copyright in favour of the University of the Free State.

Burgert Adriaan Senekal

Burgert A Senekal
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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following people:

My supervisor, Ms Manuela Lovisa, for her efforts and inputs, and for her willingness
to participate in this charting of unfamiliar territory.

My mother, Annie Senekal, for financial and moral assistance, which made
conducting the bulk of this study possible while residing in London.

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Contents

Section A: Theory ........................................................................................................... 6
Prologue ..................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7
Reinterpreting Seeman's theory of alienation......................................................... 14
Powerlessness .................................................................................................. 20
Meaninglessness .............................................................................................. 25
Normlessness ................................................................................................... 37
Social isolation ................................................................................................. 43
Self-estrangement ............................................................................................ 49
Section B: The Contemporary British Novel ................................................................ 59
Introduction to contextualisation: Systems and literature ..................................... 59
1. Internal systems ............................................................................................... 62
2. The literary system ........................................................................................... 63
Defining 'contemporary' .................................................................................. 68
Defining 'British' ............................................................................................... 73
The contemporary British novel ...................................................................... 76
3. The socio-historical system .............................................................................. 79
Historical context of contemporary British fiction .......................................... 81
Contemporary Authors ............................................................................................ 85
The relation between literature and reality ............................................................ 87
Section C: A Perspective on Alienation in the Works of Four Contemporary British
Authors ......................................................................................................................... 89
Alienation in The Child in Time by Ian McEwan....................................................... 89
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 89
The Child in Time .................................................................................................. 91
Alienation in London Fields by Martin Amis .......................................................... 117
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 117
London Fields ..................................................................................................... 121
Alienation in Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh .......................................................... 142
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 142
Trainspotting ...................................................................................................... 147
Alienation in Regeneration by Pat Barker .............................................................. 165
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 165
Regeneration ...................................................................................................... 170
Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 189
Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 194
Fiction ..................................................................................................................... 194
Non-Fiction ............................................................................................................. 195
Summary .................................................................................................................... 212
Keywords .................................................................................................................... 214

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Section A: Theory
Prologue

Marx's theory of alienation has been thoroughly addressed by various scholars (in
particular Ollman, 1976), and so has Seeman's, and during the last few decades
many other contributions have been made in the fields of sociology and psychology
concerning alienation. However, since the focus of the proposed study is literary, no
attempt will be made to contribute to these fields. The aim is to apply these recent
theoretical contributions to the literature that stems from this alienated British
society (and alienated individuals) in order to come to a better understanding of how
alienation manifests in four contemporary British novels.
The primary question the proposed study aims to answer is: Given the post-
modern condition of integration, shifting boundaries and identity formation, what
forms of alienation exist in contemporary western society and the individual who
inhabits it, and how does alienation manifest in contemporary British fiction
amongst some of the main authors of the latter?
Primary fictional texts are drawn from contemporary British literature. Some
of the most pivotal voices are studied, Ian McEwan, Martin Amis, Irvin Welsh, and
Pat Barker. These four authors are considered suitable to the study because they are
central to the contemporary British canon, and each depicts alienation in a unique
way. Since their publications are all recent, information on these authors is more
limited than that pertaining to other periods and the proposed study can therefore
further contribute to understanding them. One novel by each of these authors is the
central focal point, but other texts by these authors are incorporated where relevant.
British fiction is chosen because the volume of publications in Britain is already vast –
adding everything that the rest of the world contributes in English would expand the
scope of the study too widely and undermine a qualitative investigation.
This study therefore provides a detailed discussion of different perspectives
on alienation within the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, highlighting relations
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between these perspectives from sociological and psychological viewpoints and
focussing on the most recent theoretical contributions. The theoretical frame of
reference is then applied to the authors in question in order to answer the question
as stated earlier.

Introduction

The term "alienation" causes considerable difficulty, partly because it "is used to
refer both to a personal psychological state and to a type of social relationship"
(Roberts, 1987: 346). Kalekin-Fishman (1996: 97) claims, "The term alienation refers
to objective conditions, to subjective feelings, and to orientations that discourage
participation", and remarks that, "In modern sociology [...] alienation is a term which
refers to the distancing of people from experiencing a crystallized totality both in the
social world and in the self" (Kalekin-Fishman, 1998: 6). According to Schacht (1996:
10), classical social alienation is "the loss or absence of identification with, and
participation in, the form of life characteristic of one's society". These are broad
definitions, but what alienation entails is delved into more deeply in the current
study.
As Dominic La Capra (cf. Selinker, 1992: 2) remarked, "A field is in constant
dialogue with its founding texts". Two of the founding texts on alienation are Marx's
theory of alienation, as set out in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and
in The German Ideology (1846), and Melvin Seeman's On the Meaning of Alienation
(1959). In writing about Marx's works, Wilden (1980: xxi) notes, "As with any text
that time and place have turned in to history, these texts must necessarily be re-read
and re-incorporated into the critical discourse of each succeeding generation. The
Marxian texts are neither 'outdated' or (sic) the 'truth'."
Although Marx identifies three aspects of alienation, namely private property,
the commodity character of labour, and the division of labour in society (Ekerwald,
1998: 17), these classifications are not as useful to the current study as Seeman's.
Seeman, according to Roberts (1987: 346) "identifies powerlessness and self-
estrangement with Marxian notions of alienation", and "clearly relates self-
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estrangement to Marx's 'false consciousness'." Seeman, thus building on Marx’s
insights, provides a methodological framework more suitable to the analysis of
alienation in contemporary literature, as Neal & Collas (2000), Wexler (1998), and
others have found when discussing sociological trends. The "alienation test" on
webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/alientest.html, for example, also uses Seeman's
classifications because of their practicality. Owing to limited space, the focus in this
study is therefore on Seeman's theory, which is more applicable to the current study.
Melvin Seeman was part of the surge in alienation research prominent in the
middle of the twentieth century when he published his paper, On the Meaning of
Alienation, in the American Sociological Review in 1959, followed by Alienation,
Membership, and Political Knowledge: A Comparative Study in 1966. Robert Nisbet
(cf. Seeman, 1959: 783) writes,
At the present time, in all the social sciences, the various synonyms of
alienation have the foremost place in studies of human relations.
Investigations of the 'unattached', the 'marginal', the 'obsessive', the
'normless', and the 'isolated' individual all testify to the central place
occupied by the hypothesis of alienation in contemporary social science.

This trend was continued throughout the 1960s, where disillusionment with
government grew, "Following the 1968 student revolutions1 in the United States and
Europe, alienation studies proliferated, at least in the Western world" (Geyer, 1996:
xi). However,
During the 1980s, as the postwar baby boomers grew older, and perhaps
more disillusioned, and willy-nilly entered the rat race, interest in alienation
subsided. The concept definitely [...] became less fashionable, although a
small but active international core group continued to study the subject in all
its ramifications, since the problems denoted by alienation were certainly far
from solved – to the contrary, even (Geyer, 1996: xii).

1 Hambidge (1992c: 400) indicates the student protests of 1968 as a final turning point that lead to
post-structuralism. The events are usually referred to collectively as the May '68 uprising, which
lasted just over a month. The uprising was mostly supported from the political left, and even though
it took the early form of student strikes, the students were soon joined by hundreds of thousands of
workers. In the coming weeks, the French government came to the brink of collapse as support for
the uprising grew. However, after the French president, De Gaulle, disbanded the National Assembly
and called for elections to be held in June, the revolution petered away and De Gaulle won the
election comfortably. The uprising was of course the result of dissatisfaction with the authorities,
with the university, with the workplace and with government. The fact that it had no real impact
caused the widespread disillusionment that provided fertile soil for a theoretical approach such as
post-structuralism, which questions truth and the validity of metanarratives.
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This core group was called the Research Committee on Alienation of the
International Sociological Association (ISA), a non-profit organization dedicated to
scientific study in the field of sociology and social sciences. They kept alienation
studies alive, until the 1990s, when there was again an upsurge of interest in
alienation. Three developments caused this upsurge of interest: the fall of the Soviet
Union, globalization and increasing awareness of ethnic conflicts, and post-
modernism. Firstly, the fall of the Soviet Union precipitated alienation interest in
Eastern Europe, for two reasons (Geyer, 1996: xiii),
1. the population as a whole was finally free to express its long-repressed ethnic
and political alienation, which had accumulated under Soviet rule, while
2. the existence of alienation was no longer denied and instead became a
respectable object of study.

Films such as Goodbye Lenin and Lilya Forever depict post-communist society, and
the problems associated with it. Goodbye Lenin is set in East Germany, where a son
attempts to hide the fall of communism from his frail mother. Lucas Moodysson's
Lilya Forever depicts the harsh realities of poverty and emigration in contemporary
Russia, and the accompanying drug abuse and prostitution in an alienated part of
society, excluded from the economic benefits of the modern Russian Federation as
enjoyed by others. Alienation was denied by the communist government, as it was
seen in Marxian terms that discusses alienation under capitalism. Thus, under a
Marxist regime, alienation is necessarily non-existent in theory.

Secondly,
... though processes of globalization and internationalization tended to
monopolize people's attention during the last few decades, the hundred-odd
local wars fought since the end of World War II, which were increasingly
covered live on worldwide TV, claimed attention for the opposing trend of
regionalization and brought ethnic conflicts to the fore (Ibid.).

The internet, and in particular YouTube, play a significant role in highlighting these
ethnical conflicts. Scenes from the war in Iraq are captured on mobile phone
cameras and streamed into any house all over the world, and participants in events
such as the 2007 Burmese uprising use YouTube and Facebook to create awareness
of this political turmoil and its human toll.
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This ties in with the third issue, post-modernism, where the trend has been
towards positing increasingly eclectic worldviews because of an information
overload stemming from the increased use of the media and the Internet, and the
breakdown of gender, national and even personal boundaries, as well as the
questioning of metanarratives and cultural norms and values. Post-modernism is an
elusive term that has been used since after the Second World War within a literary
or artistic context (Müller, 1992: 397), often proposed by French writers.
Vandenberghe (1996: 150) writes, "Notwithstanding the appearances, post-
modernism is not a French thing". Post-modernism defies a comprehensive and
accurate definition, as "post-modernism is most usefully thought of as an elastic
critical category with a range of applications and potential understandings" (Ward,
1997: 13). Müller (1992: 398) provides a broad outline of what post-modernism
involves, "Die Post-modernisme gee voorkeur aan kontradiksie, onsamehangendheid,
toeval, permutasie, enumerasie en 'n heterogeniteit van style wat uit verskillende
genres en periodekodes geneem is" (Post-modernism gives preference to
contradiction, incoherence, chance, permutation, enumeration and a heterogeneity
of styles that are taken from diverse genres and period codes2).
Post-modernism has its roots in modernism, but differs greatly from its
predecessor in its coveting of ambiguity or the rejection of singular meanings, in
Linda Hutcheon's words, "post-modernism's distinctive character lies in this ...
wholesale 'nudging' commitment to doubleness, or duplicity" (Ward, 1997: 49).
Modernism broadly describes the literary movement that reached its zenith from
1910 – 1930 (Liebenberg, 1992: 317), but like the term post-modernism, it has also
been used to describe a much wider field. Schlesinger (1988: 27) writes that some
modernist characteristics were the search for the mystic-eternal, universal beauty,
pure form, absolute value and eternal value. Post-modernism questions the
possibility of arriving at a singular meaning, the impossibility of that eternal value,
pure form and universal beauty.
Post-modernism provided a theoretical frame of reference that necessitated
the reinterpretation of alienation theory and questions about identity formation in

2 Own translation
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