Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai'i: Management

886 Pages·2005·36.28 MB·English

Alien Plant Invasions
in Native Ecosystems of Hawai'i:
Management and Research
Edited by
Charles P. Stone,
Clifford W. Smith, and J. Timothy Tunison
University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit
3190 Made Way Honolulu, Hawai'i
'
O 1992 Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit
University of Hawaii, Manoa
All Rights Reserved
Support for publication was provided by
the National Park Service and
Hawaii Natural History Association
Cover illustration by Dietrich Varez; used with permission
Camera-ready copy was prepared by the editors
Manufacture of this book was through
the production services of
University of Hawaii Press
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of American National Standard for Information
Sciences/-permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawai'i : management and
research / edited by Charles P. Stone, Clifford W. Smith, and J.
Timothy Tunison.
.
P cm.
Papers from a symposium organized by the National Park Service and
the Cooperative National Resources Unit at the University of Hawaii,
which was held in conjunction with the Sixth Conference in Natural
Sciences at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in 1986.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8248-1474-6
1. Alien plants--Hawaii--Congresses. 2. Alien plants--Control-
-Hawaii--Congresses. 3. Plant invasions--Hawaii--Congresses.
4. Alien plants--Hawaii--Ecology--Congresses. 5. Plant
introduction--Hawaii--Congresses. I. Stone, Charles P. 11. Smith,
. .
Clifford W., 1938- 111. Tunison, J. Timothy, 1948-
IV. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Hawaii.
SB612H3A56 1993
639.9'9'09969--dc20 92-25041
CIP
Distributed by
University of Hawaii Press
Honolulu, Hawaii %822
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
Explanatory Notes
Authors
PERSPECTIVES
An Overview of Problems with Introduced Plant Speeies
in National Parks and Biosphere Reserves of the United States
Lloyd L. Loope
Effects of Alien Plants on Native Ecosystems
Peter M. Vitousek
Characteiistics of Invading Plant Species
Richard N. Mack
Alien Plant Management in Everglades National Park:
An Historical Perspective
Anne Marie LaRosa, Robert F. Doren, and Lance Gunderson
Alien Plants at Channel Islands National Park
William L. Halvorson
STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF
SOME IMPORTANT ALIEN PLANTS IN HAWAIcI
Origin and Distribution of
Adventive Alien Flowering Plants in Hawai'i
Lyndon Wester
Distribution of Six Alien Plant Species
in Upland Habitats on the Island of Hawai'i
James D. Jacobi and Fredrick R Warshauer
Alien Plants on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Derral R Herbst and WmenL . Wagner
Firetree (Myricaf aya) Distribution in Hawai'i
Louis D. Whiteaker and Donald E. Gardner
Distribution, Status, Phenology, Rate of Spread,
and Management of Clidemia in Hawai'i
Clifford W: Smith
Contents
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus): the Spread and Adaptation
of a Temperate Weed in the Montane Tropics
James 0. Juvik and Sonia P. Juvik
The Status of Banana Poka in Hawai'i
Anne Marie LaRosa
Distribution and Spread of Alien Plants in Kipahulu Valley,
Haleakala National Park, above 2,300 ft Elevation
Stephen J. Anderson, Charles P. Stone, and Paul K Higashino
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
Herbicidal Control of Selected Alien Plant Species
in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Gregory L. Santos, Dina Kageler, Donald E. Gardner,
Linda W; Cuddihy, and Charles P. Stone
Fountain Grass Control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park:
Management Considerations and Strategies
J. Timothy Tunison
Fire and Alien Plants in Hawai'i:
Research and ManagementImplications for Native Ecosystems
Clifford W. Smith and J. Timothy Tunison
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Biological Control of Lantana, Prickly Pear, and Hamlkua Pamakani
in Hawai'i: a Review and Update
Clifon J. Davis, Ernest Yoshioku, and Dina Kageler
Plant Pathogens as Biocontrol Agents in Native Hawaiian Ecosystems
Donald E. Gardner
Review and Status of Biological Control of Clidemia in Hawai'i
Larry M. Nakahara, Robert M. Burkhart, and George Y: Funasaki
Status of Biological Control of Weeds in Hawai'i and
Implications for Managing Native Ecosystems
George P. Markin, Po-Yung Lai, and George Y: Funasaki
AGENCY ORGANIZATION
AND IA~~DOWNEAR PPR~ACHES
Alien Plant Control Strategies in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
J. Timothy Tunison
Contents vii
Success in Controlling Localized men Plants in
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
J. Timothy Tunison and Nicholas G. Zimmer
Control of Alien Plants on Nature Conservancy Preserves
R. Alan Holt
Alien Plant Control on State Lands Including Natural Areas 536
Victor M. Tanimoto and Winona P. Char
Alien Plants in Haleakala National Park
Lloyd L. Loope, Ronald J. Nagata, and Arthur C. Medeiros
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Development Approach 577
to Alien Plant Control in Hawai'i: a Case Study
Mike Tulang
Introduced Plant Control on Private Lands in Hawai'i
Carl "Soot" Bredhoff
Public/Private Sector Partnerships to Preserve Native Ecosystems: 589
The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Experience
Hardy Spoehr
INTRODUCED PLANTS
IN THE ABSENCE OF UNGULATES
Relationships among Native and Alien Plants on Pacific Islands 597
with and without Significant Human Disturbance and Feral Ungulates
Mark D. Merlin and James 0. Juvik
Alien and Native Plant Response to Release
from Feral Sheep Browsing on Mauna Kea
Paul G. Scowcroft and C. Eugene Conrad
Responses of Hawaiian Ecosystems to
Removal of Feral Pigs and Goats
Charles P. Stone, Linda WI Cuddihy, and J. Timothy Tunison
CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO INTRODUCE
Plant Importation Rules and Regulations
Stan Higa
Activities and Needs of the Horticulture Industry
in Relation to Alien Plant Problems in Hawai'i
Rylan S.N. Yee and Wayne C. Gagne'
Plant Introduction Needs of the Hawaiian Sugar Industry
Robert K Osgood and Robert D.W emer
Contents
Choosing Plant Introductions: Needs of Graziers
Gordon Cran and Ken Dillingham
CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO CONTROL
IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS
Modelling to Predict the Fate of Invading Plants
Richard N. Mack and Michael E. Moody
Rule-Based Decision Making: a Way to Determine
which Alien Species to Control
Kent W: Bridges
Controlling Weeds in Natural Areas in HawaiLi:
a Manager's Perspective
Dan Taylor
Evaluating Proposed Biological Control Programs
for Introduced Plants
George P. Markin and Ernest Yoshioka
ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES EDUCATION,
AND COMMUNITYI NVOLV~MENT
Special Ecological Areas: An Approach to Alien Plant Control
in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
-' J. Timothy Tunison and Charles P. Stone
Environmental Education in HawaiLi: History and Overview
Charles P. Stone
Environmental Education in the Schools
John W Hawkim
The Use of Volunteers for Alien Plant Control
at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and The Nature Conservancy's
Kamakou Preserve
J. Timothy Tunison and Edwin T. Misaki
.
IN CONCLUSION..
ALIEN PLANT MANAGEMENT IN HAWAI'I:
CONCLUSIONS
J. Timothy Tunison, Clifford W Smith, and Charles P. Stone
INDEX
PREFACE
The problem of introduced or alien plants in Hawai'i's natural areas is
as critical now as it ever has been. As the "crossroads of the Pacific,"
Hawai'i is subject to greater commerce and visitation with time. Alien
plants are increasingly well distributed in other parts of the world for
potential transport to Hawai'i. Growinf numbers of residents in the State
-- manr from different parts of the wor d -- means more international and
interis and travel, which also favors alien plant introduction and
dispersal. Fragmentation of Hawai'i's few remaining natural areas provides
more boundanes and corridors for alien plants to made, and degradation
of natural areas (for example, disturbance of soil by hoofed mammals and
development for industry or housing) provides more sites for introduced
plant establishment. Some alien plants can modify areas to favor their own
survival and to discourage that of native plants through shading, chemical
changes in soils and nutrient cycles, and changing fire regimes. Indeed,
the vegetation of many large areas of Hawai'i is now almost entirely
comprised of introduced plant species, and significant invasions of natural
areas continue.
Most of the 44 papers in this volume began as presentations at a 1986
symposium entitled "Control of Introduced Plants in Hawai'i's Native
Ecosystems." The Symposium, organized by the National Park Service and the
Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit at the University of
Hawaii, was held in conjunction with the Sixth Conference in Natural
Sciences at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in 1986. In the past few years,
most of the papers have been u dated considerably, and a few contributions,
including a concluding chapter, Eave been added. One milestone publication
in 1990, the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, caused the
changing of plant taxonomy in the papers to conform with current usage.
For some papers, this was a .major task. Other important statewide and
local progress in the past few years also necessitated significant
,
revisions.
The purpose of the Symposium was to summarize and communicate research
results, management implications, needs, and perspectives of special
interest groups on the topic of introduced or alien plants in Hawai'i.
Efforts at control of introduced plants in native Hawaiian ecosystems was
the em1 h asis of the meeting and remains the primary focus of this book. We
hope t at those responsible for and those simply interested in alien plant
problems will find something useful herein, whether in the Hawaiian
Archipelago, other islands of the world, or in natural areas on the
continents.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Each manuscript in this volume received peer review by at least two
individuals in addition to the three editors and the chairperson of one of
the 10 sessions at which E apers were presented. Session chairs (other than
the editors) were R. Ho dy, D. Taylor, J.W. Beardsley, C.E. Conrad, J.D.
Jacobi, L.L. Loope, and F.M. Pottenger. We thank these individuals and the
anonymous reviewers of the manuscripts for their comments.
The one person most responsible for publication of this volume is
D.B. Stone, Administrative Assistant for Research at Hawaii Volcanoes
P
National Park. Danny spent endless hours with draft manuscri ts, including
tables, literature citations, and text. She helped edit a1 papers for
grammar and content and prepared the index for typing. She communicated
with the authors by phone and letter about many of the problems and
questions that arose, including updating of materials. And she coordinated
the progress throughout for the editors and kept us involved even when
other duties called. Preparing copy for submission to U.H. Press was a
major step, and Danny spent considerable time transforming the rough manu-
scripts to camera-ready format, using computer software that was by no
means state-of-the-art by the time the volume was in its final stages of
preparation. It is safe to say that without her watchful and focused eye,
this publication would have been a mess and/or appeared sometime after the
turn of the century, if at all!
Other folks involved in the production of the book include M.L. Fulton,
who prepared many of the figures using "Freelance" software and assisted
with editing the literature citations for consistency among papers;
D.B. BarrGre, who typed the index and checked it and the text for Hawaiian
grammar and errors in usage; J. Heavenrid f e and L. Aono of University of
Hawaii Press, who were as competent and p easant to work with as ever; and
Kathy English of the Hawaii Natural History Association, who facilitated
partial funding for publication.
N. Sidaras provided the drawings of introduced plants that appear
between the sections of the book and elsewhere (sketch identifications are
listed below). L.W. Cuddihy helped us with numerous problems of botanical
taxonomy and status at various times, and we appreciate her assistance.
D. Varez and Bishop Museum Press allowed us to use the block print of Maui
the demigod that appears on the cover (from Maui: the Mischief Maker,
Bishop Museum Press, 1991).
Finally, we appreciate the patience and optimism of the authors and
coauthors, who have worked with us so long on this project. Natural
resource managers, educators, researchers, and private citizens, some of
B
whom are no longer working on introduced lants and who have moved from
previous jobs or locations, have maintaine an interest in the ''weed book
and seen it through to completion at last. Mahalo nui loa to all.
Quoth the raving, "Nevermore!"
C.P. Stone, C.W. Smith, and J.T. Tunison June 1992
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Scientific names of plants are italicized throughout the book, and only
scientific names are used if common names or Hawaiian names do not exist.
Hawaiian names and common names are not italicized, and scientific names
appear with them on first usage in each paper. Diacritics are used in all
words of Hawaiian origin where appropriate, except in names of organiza-
tions or institutions. Spelling of Hawaiian names is according to Pukui
and Elbert (1981), and Hawaiian place names follow Pukui et al. (1986),
except where common use differs. Scientific names of Hawaiian flowering
plants are according to Wagner et al. (1990). Mentioning of products
in this volume does not imply endorsement by authors or the agencies or
organizations they represent.
Pen and ink drawings by Nanci Sidaras are as follows:
koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) -- page 2
clidemia, or Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta) -- page 97
fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) -- page 339
panini or prickly pear cactus (Opuntia sp.) -- page 409
Florida blackberry (Rubus cugufus) -- page 483
yellow Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) -- page 595
kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) -- page 705
banana poka (Passiflora mollissima) -- page 737
firetree (Myrica fqa) -- page 779
beardgrass (Schizachyriurn condensaturn) -- page 819
strawberry guava (Psidiurn cattleianum) -- page 833
~iteratureC ited
Pukui, M.K., and S.H. Elbert. 1981. Hawaiian dictionary -- Hawaiian-English,
English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii.
Pukui, M.K., S.H. Elbert, and E.T. Mookini. 1986. Place names of Hawai'i, rev. and
enlarged ed. Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii.
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of
Hawaif. Bishop Mus. Spec. Pub. 83. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii and Bishop Mus. Pr.
AUTHORS
and Affiliations during Preparation of Papers
Anderson, Stephen J. Funasaki, George F.
Research Division, Plant Pest Control Branch,
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu
Hawai'i Island
Gagn6, Wayne C.*
Bredhoff, Carl "Soot" Entomology Department,
Manager, Kahuku Ranch B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu
Hawai'i Island
Gardner, Donald E.
Bridges, Kent W. National Park Service
Botany Department, University of Hawaii - Manoa campus
-
University of Hawaii Manoa campus Honolulu
Honolulu
Gunderson, Lance
Burkhart, Robert M. Resources Management Division,
Plant Pest Control Branch, Everglades National Park, Florida
Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu
Halvorson, William L.
Char, Winona P. Research Division,
Natural Area Reserves System, Channel Islands Natl. Park, California
Hawaii Dept, of Land & Natural Resources
Hawkins, John W.
Honolulu
Office of Instructional Services,
Conrad, C. Eugene Hawaii Department of Education
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu
U.S. Forest Service, Honolulu
Herbst, Derral R
Cran, C. Gordon Office of Environmental Services,
Manager, Kapapala Ranch U.S. Fish and Widlife Service
Hawai'i Island Honolulu
Cuddihy, Linda W. Higa, Stanley J.
Research Division, Quarantine Office,
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu
Hawai'i Island
Higashino, Paul K.
Davis, Clifton J. Research Division,
Plant Pest Control Branch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture (retired) Hawai'i Island
Hawai'i Island
Holt, R Alan
Dillingham, Ken The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii
Manager, Keauhou Ranch Honolulu
Hawai'i Island
Jacobi, James D.
Doren, Robert F. Hawaii Research Station,
Resources Management Division, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Everglades National Park, Florida Hawai'i Island
*deceased May 1988