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Forest Research Institute Alien Invasive Species and International Trade Edited by Hugh Evans and Tomasz Oszako Warsaw 2007 Reviewers: SteveWoodward(UniversityofAberdeen,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Scotland,UK) FrançoisLefort(UniversityofAppliedScienceinLullier,Switzerland) ©CopyrightbyForestResearchInstitute,Warsaw2007 ISBN978-83-87647-64-3 Descriptionofphotographsonthecovers: AlderdeclineinPoland–T.Oszako,ForestResearchInstitute,Poland ALBBrighton–ForestResearch,UK; Anoplophoraexithole(exampleofwoodpackagingpathway)–R.Burgess, ForestryCommission,UK CamerariaadultBrussels–P.Roose,Belgium; Camerariadamagemediumview–ForestResearch,UK; otherphotographsdescriptioninsidearticles–seeBelbahrietal. LanguageEditor:JamesRichards Layout:Gra¿ynaSzujecka Print:Sowa–PrintonDemandwww.sowadruk.pl,phone:+480224318140 InstytutBadawczyLeœnictwa 05-090Raszyn,ul.BraciLeœnej3, phone[+4822]7150616 e-mail:[email protected] CONTENTS Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PartI–EXTENDEDABSTRACTS ThomasJung,MarlaDowning,MarkusBlaschke,ThomasVernon Phytophthorarootandcollarrotofalderscausedbytheinvasive Phytophthoraalni:actualdistribution,pathways,andmodeled potentialdistributioninBavaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 TomaszOszako,LeszekB.Orlikowski,AleksandraTrzewik, TeresaOrlikowska StudiesontheoccurrenceofPhytophthora ramorum innurseries,forest standsandgardencenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 LassaadBelbahri,EduardoMoralejo,GautierCalmin,FrançoisLefort, JoseA.Garcia,EnriqueDescals ReportsofPhytophthorahedraiandraonViburnumtinus andRhododendroncatawbienseinSpain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 LeszekB.Orlikowski,TomaszOszako Theinfluenceofnursery-cultivatedplants,aswellascereals,legumes andcrucifers,onselectedspeciesofPhytophthopra . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 LassaadBelbahri,GautierCalmin,TomaszOszako,EduardoMoralejo, JoseA.Garcia,EnriqueDescals,FrançoisLefort Phytophthorapolonica:AnewspeciesisolatedfromaPolishdeclining alderforests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 OlegBaranov,TomaszOszako PossibilitiesofPhytophthoraidentificationasagroup ofnewandeconomicallyimportantpathogensinforestry. . . . . . . . . 41 LassaadBelbahri, GautierCalmin, TomaszOszako, EduardoMoralejo, EsperanzaSanchez-Hernandez, AdeleMcLeod, EnriqueDescals, FrançoisLefort NewPythiumspecies:Pythiumquercum,Pythiumsterilum, Pythiumspiculum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 OttmarHoldenrieder,ThomasN.Sieber FirstrecordofDisculadestructivainSwitzerlandandpreliminaryinocula- tionexperimentsonnativeEuropeanCornusspecies . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ShinUgawa,KenjiFukuda Reductionofdiversityinectomycorrhizalfungalflora causedbydamagefrompinewiltdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 MagdalenaBasiewicz,DobrawaJankiewicz,SteveWoodward, NikoletaSoulioti,TomaszOszako AreviewofhistoricaldataonalieninvasivespeciesinEurope . . . . . . 64 JanStenlid,AlbertoSantini,AndreaVannini,PaoloCapretti, RimvisVasiliauskas FORTHREATS:Europeannetworkonemergingdiseasesandinvasive speciesthreatstoEuropeanforestecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 AlainRoques OldandnewpathwaysforinvasionofexoticforestinsectsinEurope. . . 80 BjørnØkland,OlavSkarpaas,KyrreKausrud,NilsChr.Stenseth, NadirErbilgin Spatiotemporaldynamicsofintroducedbarkbeetles. . . . . . . . . . . . 89 MilanZúbrik,AndrejKunca,JozefVakula,RomanLeontovyè, AndrejGubka InvadinginsectsandpathogensinSlovakiaforestswithfocusing onDreyfusianordmannianaeasaregularpestinmountainareas . . . . . 94 MilošKní(cid:2)ek Barkandambrosiabeetlespeciesinworldwidetrade. . . . . . . . . . . 101 JozefVakula,AndrejKunca,MilanZúbrik,RomanLeontovyè, ValériaLongauerová,AndrejGubka DistributionoftwoInvasivepestsinSlovakiasince1996 . . . . . . . . 105 HenriVanhanen,TimoVeteli,SannaSivonen,WilliamMattson, PekkaNiemelä FewimmigrantphytophagousinsectsonwoodyplantsinEurope: legacyoftheEuropeancrucible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 MarcKenis,ChristellePéré Ecologicalimpactofinvasiveinsectsinforestecosytems . . . . . . . . 118 TomaszOszako,MarekSiewniak,MargaritaSiewniak Thenegativeinfluenceoftheso-called”injection”measureonthreatened horsechestnuttrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 SimonA.Lawson Eucalyptsassourceandsinkforinvasivepestsanddiseases. . . . . . . 133 JonathanSweeney,PeterdeGroot,LelandHumble,LindaMacDonald, JessicaPrice,TomaszMokrzycki,JerzyM.Gutowski Detectionofwood-boringspeciesinsemiochemical-baitedtraps . . . . 139 RobertA.Haack,TobyR.Petrice,PascalNzokou,D.PascalKamdem Doinsectsinfestwoodpackingmaterialwithbarkfollowingheat-treatment?145 HughF.Evans ISPM15treatmentsandresidualbark:howmuchbarkmattersinrelation tofounderpopulationsofbarkandwoodboringbeetles?. . . . . . . . . 149 KatarzynaSupernak,PiotrKacprzak,MarekKrzemiñski TheideaofForestPromotionalComplex„PuszczaKozienicka” withspecialregardstotourismstrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 PARTII–ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 INTRODUCTION ThisbooksummarisesthepresentationsattheInauguralmeetingIUFROUnit7.03.12 “AlienInvasiveSpeciesandInternationalTrade”whichwasheldinPoland,3-7July,2006 intheEcologicalEducationandEuropeanIntegrationCentreofStateForests,inJedlnia. Themeetingwasattendedbyover60delegatesfrom18countriesrepresentingboththe northernandsouthernhemispheres.OneofthepurposesofthisnewIUFROUnitistoen- couragecross-disciplinaryexchangeinrelationtoalltypesofAlienInvasiveSpecies(AIS) and, to this end, the programme included consideration of a wide range of biotic agents, principallyinvertebratesandtreepathogens,thatcouldbeclassifiedasAIS. Aspresentedinthisbook,thepapersareorganisedintofourmaintopics: •AlieninvasivespeciesinEurope, •Worldecologicalimpact, •Detectionandpolicy, •Preventionmeasuresandtreatments. There is a broad range of scientific topics presented and discussed ranging from the damage caused by Phytophthora species, through analysis of pathways for international movementofpestsandpathogens,totheimplicationsofscientificfindingsforpolicyand regulatoryframeworks. Thecontentofthebookpresentsbothscientificandregulatorypapers,reflectingthe rangeofexpertiseofthedelegates.Thisprovidesaforumforexplorationofissuesarising fromresearchandfromexperiencesinmanagingtheregulationofpathwaystoreduceor preventinternationalmovementofAIS.Therearetopicsofuniversalinterestandvaluable opinionsinrelationtopathwaysforinternationalmovementofAIS: WoodpackagingmaterialandimplementationofISPM15* Thisisverymuchacurrenttopicandseveralpapersaddressthisissue.Themaincon- cernsarewhetherresidualbarkonISPM15treatedwoodposeathreatthroughinfestation aftertreatmentand,secondly,howreliabletheISPM15markisinindicatingthattreatment hadactuallybeencarriedout.Thereisanincreasingbodyofresearchthatprovidesevidence forsuccessfulbreedingbybarkandwoodboringbeetlesonwoodwithbarkthathasbeen subjectedtoISPM15treatments,whetherbyheattreatmentormethylbromidefumigation. PapersbyRobertHaack(USA)andbyHughEvans(UK)confirmthisfindingand,inaddi- tion,bothauthorsconsiderthesignificanceoftheamountofresidualbarkinquantifyingthe risks.Theconclusionsfromtheirexperimentalstudiesandfromsurveyworkofpackaging woodintradecarriedoutbyRobertHaackintheUSAwasthatbarkpiecesapproximately greaterthanacreditcardinsize(i.e.approximately45cm2)hadassociatedliveinsectsthat couldenablebarkbeetlespeciestocompletetheirlifecycles.HughEvansraisestheques- tionofhowmanybeetlesemergingactuallyconstituteasuccessfulfounderpopulation.Dis- cussion on different types of packaging wood, particularly the distinction between *ISPM15–InternationalStandardsonPhytosanitaryRegulationsNo15:Guidelinesforregulatingwoodpackag- ingmaterialininternationaltrade manufacturedpackagingsuchaspallets(discussedbyCharlesRay(USA))anddunnage, concentrateontheamountofresidualbarkthatcouldbepresent.Itisclearthatpackaging woodsuchaspalletsareproducedtoindustrystandardsthat,irrespectiveofphytosanitary regulations,requireahighdegreeoffreedomfrombark.Thisinevitablyleadstodiscussion onhowtodefinefreedomfrombark(i.e.debarkedvsbark-free)andtheneedformorerigor- ousdefinitionsofbarkfreedom.Overall,itisfeltthatdunnage,usuallyproducedfromsal- vagewood,representsthehighestriskbecauseittendstohavemoreassociatedbarkandis alsomoredifficulttotreattoISPM15standards. ThequestionofhowreliabletheISPM15markisinprovidingassurancethatthewood hasactuallybeensuccessfullytreatedisraisedbyShiromaSathyapala(NZ)whopointsout thatthereisaneedforconfidenceinthesystemandthatsharingofinterceptiondata,par- ticularlyforinstancesofnon-compliance,willbeastepforward.EricAllen(Canada)points outthatNAPPO*shareslistsofthetop10countrieswithlowestcompliance.Itisagreedthat it will be valuable to categorise the pathways within the broader definition of packaging woodandtoconsidertherisksfromtreatmentfailureand/orpresenceofresidualbarkfor eachpathway.BillAley(USA)andJonSweeney(Canada)suggestthatfurthersurveillance ofwoodpackaging,includingpalletsandothercategories,withtheISPM15markwillyield thedatanecessarytocategorisepathwaysandtheirassociatedrisks. FurtherdiscussionisneededforalternativetreatmentregimeswithinISPM15,particu- larlyforcountrieswherecurrentmethodsaredifficulttoimplement,becauseofthecosts and lack of proper infrastructure issues necessary in establishing compliance systems. ClementChilima(Malawi)indicatesthatexpertiseincapacitybuildingwillbevaluableand thatpublicawarenessoftheissueispoorindevelopingcountries.Healsofeelsthataspects suchasnaturalresistancetopestsforcertaintreespeciescouldbeusedtocategorisethem forISPM15compliance.JacquesGagnon(Canada)feelsthatdrawingtogetherallavailable information on current options, particularly categorised according to different types of woodpackagingwillhelptoidentifybothrisksandpossibletreatmentoptions.BarbaraIll- man(USA)suggeststhatindustrytendstosolveproblemsaccordingtotheneedandthat traininganddemonstrationoftechnologieswillhelptoresolvetechnicalissues. Plantsforplantingasapathwayformovementofpestsandpathogens Plantsforplantingasapathwayforinvasiveorganismsisatopicofconcernbeingcon- sistentlycitedashighrisk,particularlyforinvasivepathogens.Itisacknowledgedthatphy- tosanitaryrulesarealreadyinplaceinrelationtonamedorganismsandthatfullcompliance with these rules should provide acceptable protection. However, it is also acknowledged that(a)inspection-basedregimesareunlikelytopickupallinfringementsespeciallywith large increases in trade, (b) that an organism-based process will tend to miss new and emergingpestandpathogenproblemsand(c)thatapplicationoftreatmentmethodstore- moveinvasiveorganismsismoredifficultforthispathway. Ingeneral,delegatesfeltthatanalysisofthe‘plantsforplanting’pathwaytoidentify ‘keystone’damagingorganismswouldenableconstructionofadatabaseofbiologicalchar- acteristicsofAISthataremostlikelytoexploitthispathwayfortransportationtonewloca- *NorthAmericanPlantProtectionOrganisation tions. It is felt that such a biologically-based list will be of more value than the current namedorganismapproachandwillenableanalysisofspecieslistsinexportingcountriesto assesslikelihoodofassociationwithliveplantsforexport.Duringawide-rangingdiscus- sion,itwasagreedtoestablishasub-group,undertheleadershipofKerryBritton(USA),to analysewhichnurserystock‘pests’(toincludeinvertebratesandpathogens)havebecome problemsinforestrysystemsistheissueofagreatimportanceandtoprovideapositionpa- per on this important issue. The NAPPO Plants for Planting standard (which is based on cleanstockprograms)andIPPCarealsomovingtowardsthisbasisforthePlantsforPlant- ingpathway.Sharinginformationandexperiencesinearlydetectionofpestsandpathogens onpathways,includingplantsforplantingisofacrucialsignificancetoreachthegoalofre- ducingtherisksofmovementsofpestsalongthispathway. Furthermore,liveplantsarethesubjectofconsiderationofrisksofweedinessinrela- tiontotheplantsthemselvesbecoming‘pests’.Characteristicsofweedinesshavealready beendiscussedbroadlyinthescientificliterature.Thereismuchtobelearnedfromknowl- edgeofadaptationoflocalpestandpathogenspeciestoexotictreesandshrubsasafurther elementintheriskprofileofplantsforplanting. Thepapersindicatethat‘PlantsforPlanting’isapathwaythatrequiresgreateratten- tionandwillbeacoreitemfortheUnitasitdevelopsandpreparesforfuturemeetings. Thebookprovidesafocusforforest‘pests’andtheirmovementinternationally,butit isclearfrompapersbyAlainRoques(France),WojciechSolarz(Poland),ClementChilima (Malawi)andStasBurgiel(USA)thattherearemanyinitiatives,nationallyandinternation- ally,inthisarea.Thereisaclearneedtomaintaingoodcommunicationandcoordination betweenthevariousinitiativesand,atleastfortheforestrysector,Unit7.03.12couldpro- videa‘one-stopshop’forlinkage. Dr.HughEvansandDr.TomaszOszako PART I EXTENDED ABSTRACTS 10 PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT AND COLLAR ROT OF ALDERS CAUSED BY THE INVASIVE PHYTOPHTHORA ALNI: ACTUAL DISTRIBUTION, PATHWAYS, AND MODELED POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN BAVARIA ThomasJung1,MarlaDowning2,MarkusBlaschke3,ThomasVernon2 1IndependentScientistandConsultantforTreeDiseases,Thomastrasse75,D-83098Brannenburg, Germany,www.tree-diseases.com,[email protected]. 2ForestHealthTechnologyEnterpriseTeam,ForestHealthProtection,USDAForestService,Suite 331,2150CentreAvenue,BuildingA,FortCollins,CO80526-1891. 3BavarianStateInstituteofForestry(LWF),SectionForestEcologyandForestProtection,Am Hochanger11,D-85354Freising,Germany. HISTORYANDSYMPTOMSOFPHYTOPHTHORAROOT ANDCOLLARROTOFALDERS In1993apreviouslyunknownlethalrootandcollarrotdiseaseofcommonalder (Alnus glutinosa) was recorded in southern Britain. It occurred mainly along riverbanks, but also in orchard shelterbelts and woodland plantations (Gibbs et al. 1999).Inthefollowingyearsthediseasewasalsofoundongreyalder(A.incana)and Italianalder(A.cordata),andinGermany,France,Ireland,Sweden,theNetherlands, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia and Italy (Hartmann 1995; Gibbsetal.1999,2003;Jung&Blaschke2003,2004,2006;Oszako2005,Szabóetal. 2000;Streitoetal.2002;Brasier&Jung2003).Thecausalorganismwasidentifiedasa swarm of interspecific hybrids between Phytophthora cambivora and an unknown PhytophthorarelatedtoP.fragariae(Brasieretal.1995,1999),andrecentlydescribed asanewspecies,Phytophthoraalnisp.nov.,whichcomprises3subspecies(Brasieret al.2004). Infected trees show abnormally small, sparse and often yellowish foliage, a dieback of the crown, early and often excessive fructification with unusually small cones,andtongue-shapednecrosesoftheinnerbarkandthecambiumwhichextended upto3mfromthestembasewithtarryorrustyspotsonthesurfaceofthebark(Jung& Blaschke2001;Figs.1–4). Figure1.Greyalder(Alnusincana)growing in a plantation on former agricultural land with sparse, chlorotic and small-sized foliage due to Phytophthora alni root and collarrot

Description:
Phytophthora polonica: A new species isolated from a Polish declining . * ISPM15 – International Standards on Phytosanitary Regulations No 15: Guidelines for .. Forests and Natural Ecosystems (eds C. M. Brasier, J. Webber, T. Jung).
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.