Alien Invasive Species and International Trade

179 Pages·2007·3.77 MB·English

Forest Research Institute
Alien Invasive Species
and International Trade
Edited by
Hugh Evans and Tomasz Oszako
Warsaw 2007
Reviewers:
SteveWoodward(UniversityofAberdeen,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Scotland,UK)
FrançoisLefort(UniversityofAppliedScienceinLullier,Switzerland)
©CopyrightbyForestResearchInstitute,Warsaw2007
ISBN978-83-87647-64-3
Descriptionofphotographsonthecovers:
AlderdeclineinPoland–T.Oszako,ForestResearchInstitute,Poland
ALBBrighton–ForestResearch,UK;
Anoplophoraexithole(exampleofwoodpackagingpathway)–R.Burgess,
ForestryCommission,UK
CamerariaadultBrussels–P.Roose,Belgium;
Camerariadamagemediumview–ForestResearch,UK;
otherphotographsdescriptioninsidearticles–seeBelbahrietal.
LanguageEditor:JamesRichards
Layout:Gra¿ynaSzujecka
Print:Sowa–PrintonDemandwww.sowadruk.pl,phone:[phone]
InstytutBadawczyLeœnictwa
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e-mail:[email protected]
CONTENTS
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PartI–EXTENDEDABSTRACTS
ThomasJung,MarlaDowning,MarkusBlaschke,ThomasVernon
Phytophthorarootandcollarrotofalderscausedbytheinvasive
Phytophthoraalni:actualdistribution,pathways,andmodeled
potentialdistributioninBavaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
TomaszOszako,LeszekB.Orlikowski,AleksandraTrzewik,
TeresaOrlikowska
StudiesontheoccurrenceofPhytophthora ramorum innurseries,forest
standsandgardencenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
LassaadBelbahri,EduardoMoralejo,GautierCalmin,FrançoisLefort,
JoseA.Garcia,EnriqueDescals
ReportsofPhytophthorahedraiandraonViburnumtinus
andRhododendroncatawbienseinSpain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
LeszekB.Orlikowski,TomaszOszako
Theinfluenceofnursery-cultivatedplants,aswellascereals,legumes
andcrucifers,onselectedspeciesofPhytophthopra . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
LassaadBelbahri,GautierCalmin,TomaszOszako,EduardoMoralejo,
JoseA.Garcia,EnriqueDescals,FrançoisLefort
Phytophthorapolonica:AnewspeciesisolatedfromaPolishdeclining
alderforests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
OlegBaranov,TomaszOszako
PossibilitiesofPhytophthoraidentificationasagroup
ofnewandeconomicallyimportantpathogensinforestry. . . . . . . . . 41
LassaadBelbahri, GautierCalmin, TomaszOszako, EduardoMoralejo,
EsperanzaSanchez-Hernandez, AdeleMcLeod, EnriqueDescals,
FrançoisLefort
NewPythiumspecies:Pythiumquercum,Pythiumsterilum,
Pythiumspiculum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
OttmarHoldenrieder,ThomasN.Sieber
FirstrecordofDisculadestructivainSwitzerlandandpreliminaryinocula-
tionexperimentsonnativeEuropeanCornusspecies . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ShinUgawa,KenjiFukuda
Reductionofdiversityinectomycorrhizalfungalflora
causedbydamagefrompinewiltdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
MagdalenaBasiewicz,DobrawaJankiewicz,SteveWoodward,
NikoletaSoulioti,TomaszOszako
AreviewofhistoricaldataonalieninvasivespeciesinEurope . . . . . . 64
JanStenlid,AlbertoSantini,AndreaVannini,PaoloCapretti,
RimvisVasiliauskas
FORTHREATS:Europeannetworkonemergingdiseasesandinvasive
speciesthreatstoEuropeanforestecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
AlainRoques
OldandnewpathwaysforinvasionofexoticforestinsectsinEurope. . . 80
BjørnØkland,OlavSkarpaas,KyrreKausrud,NilsChr.Stenseth,
NadirErbilgin
Spatiotemporaldynamicsofintroducedbarkbeetles. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
MilanZúbrik,AndrejKunca,JozefVakula,RomanLeontovyè,
AndrejGubka
InvadinginsectsandpathogensinSlovakiaforestswithfocusing
onDreyfusianordmannianaeasaregularpestinmountainareas . . . . . 94
MilošKní(cid:2)ek
Barkandambrosiabeetlespeciesinworldwidetrade. . . . . . . . . . . 101
JozefVakula,AndrejKunca,MilanZúbrik,RomanLeontovyè,
ValériaLongauerová,AndrejGubka
DistributionoftwoInvasivepestsinSlovakiasince1996 . . . . . . . . 105
HenriVanhanen,TimoVeteli,SannaSivonen,WilliamMattson,
PekkaNiemelä
FewimmigrantphytophagousinsectsonwoodyplantsinEurope:
legacyoftheEuropeancrucible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
MarcKenis,ChristellePéré
Ecologicalimpactofinvasiveinsectsinforestecosytems . . . . . . . . 118
TomaszOszako,MarekSiewniak,MargaritaSiewniak
Thenegativeinfluenceoftheso-called”injection”measureonthreatened
horsechestnuttrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
SimonA.Lawson
Eucalyptsassourceandsinkforinvasivepestsanddiseases. . . . . . . 133
JonathanSweeney,PeterdeGroot,LelandHumble,LindaMacDonald,
JessicaPrice,TomaszMokrzycki,JerzyM.Gutowski
Detectionofwood-boringspeciesinsemiochemical-baitedtraps . . . . 139
RobertA.Haack,TobyR.Petrice,PascalNzokou,D.PascalKamdem
Doinsectsinfestwoodpackingmaterialwithbarkfollowingheat-treatment?145
HughF.Evans
ISPM15treatmentsandresidualbark:howmuchbarkmattersinrelation
tofounderpopulationsofbarkandwoodboringbeetles?. . . . . . . . . 149
KatarzynaSupernak,PiotrKacprzak,MarekKrzemiñski
TheideaofForestPromotionalComplex„PuszczaKozienicka”
withspecialregardstotourismstrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
PARTII–ABSTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
INTRODUCTION
ThisbooksummarisesthepresentationsattheInauguralmeetingIUFROUnit7.03.12
“AlienInvasiveSpeciesandInternationalTrade”whichwasheldinPoland,3-7July,2006
intheEcologicalEducationandEuropeanIntegrationCentreofStateForests,inJedlnia.
Themeetingwasattendedbyover60delegatesfrom18countriesrepresentingboththe
northernandsouthernhemispheres.OneofthepurposesofthisnewIUFROUnitistoen-
couragecross-disciplinaryexchangeinrelationtoalltypesofAlienInvasiveSpecies(AIS)
and, to this end, the programme included consideration of a wide range of biotic agents,
principallyinvertebratesandtreepathogens,thatcouldbeclassifiedasAIS.
Aspresentedinthisbook,thepapersareorganisedintofourmaintopics:
•AlieninvasivespeciesinEurope,
•Worldecologicalimpact,
•Detectionandpolicy,
•Preventionmeasuresandtreatments.
There is a broad range of scientific topics presented and discussed ranging from the
damage caused by Phytophthora species, through analysis of pathways for international
movementofpestsandpathogens,totheimplicationsofscientificfindingsforpolicyand
regulatoryframeworks.
Thecontentofthebookpresentsbothscientificandregulatorypapers,reflectingthe
rangeofexpertiseofthedelegates.Thisprovidesaforumforexplorationofissuesarising
fromresearchandfromexperiencesinmanagingtheregulationofpathwaystoreduceor
preventinternationalmovementofAIS.Therearetopicsofuniversalinterestandvaluable
opinionsinrelationtopathwaysforinternationalmovementofAIS:
WoodpackagingmaterialandimplementationofISPM15*
Thisisverymuchacurrenttopicandseveralpapersaddressthisissue.Themaincon-
cernsarewhetherresidualbarkonISPM15treatedwoodposeathreatthroughinfestation
aftertreatmentand,secondly,howreliabletheISPM15markisinindicatingthattreatment
hadactuallybeencarriedout.Thereisanincreasingbodyofresearchthatprovidesevidence
forsuccessfulbreedingbybarkandwoodboringbeetlesonwoodwithbarkthathasbeen
subjectedtoISPM15treatments,whetherbyheattreatmentormethylbromidefumigation.
PapersbyRobertHaack(USA)andbyHughEvans(UK)confirmthisfindingand,inaddi-
tion,bothauthorsconsiderthesignificanceoftheamountofresidualbarkinquantifyingthe
risks.Theconclusionsfromtheirexperimentalstudiesandfromsurveyworkofpackaging
woodintradecarriedoutbyRobertHaackintheUSAwasthatbarkpiecesapproximately
greaterthanacreditcardinsize(i.e.approximately45cm2)hadassociatedliveinsectsthat
couldenablebarkbeetlespeciestocompletetheirlifecycles.HughEvansraisestheques-
tionofhowmanybeetlesemergingactuallyconstituteasuccessfulfounderpopulation.Dis-
cussion on different types of packaging wood, particularly the distinction between
*ISPM15–InternationalStandardsonPhytosanitaryRegulationsNo15:Guidelinesforregulatingwoodpackag-
ingmaterialininternationaltrade
manufacturedpackagingsuchaspallets(discussedbyCharlesRay(USA))anddunnage,
concentrateontheamountofresidualbarkthatcouldbepresent.Itisclearthatpackaging
woodsuchaspalletsareproducedtoindustrystandardsthat,irrespectiveofphytosanitary
regulations,requireahighdegreeoffreedomfrombark.Thisinevitablyleadstodiscussion
onhowtodefinefreedomfrombark(i.e.debarkedvsbark-free)andtheneedformorerigor-
ousdefinitionsofbarkfreedom.Overall,itisfeltthatdunnage,usuallyproducedfromsal-
vagewood,representsthehighestriskbecauseittendstohavemoreassociatedbarkandis
alsomoredifficulttotreattoISPM15standards.
ThequestionofhowreliabletheISPM15markisinprovidingassurancethatthewood
hasactuallybeensuccessfullytreatedisraisedbyShiromaSathyapala(NZ)whopointsout
thatthereisaneedforconfidenceinthesystemandthatsharingofinterceptiondata,par-
ticularlyforinstancesofnon-compliance,willbeastepforward.EricAllen(Canada)points
outthatNAPPO*shareslistsofthetop10countrieswithlowestcompliance.Itisagreedthat
it will be valuable to categorise the pathways within the broader definition of packaging
woodandtoconsidertherisksfromtreatmentfailureand/orpresenceofresidualbarkfor
eachpathway.BillAley(USA)andJonSweeney(Canada)suggestthatfurthersurveillance
ofwoodpackaging,includingpalletsandothercategories,withtheISPM15markwillyield
thedatanecessarytocategorisepathwaysandtheirassociatedrisks.
FurtherdiscussionisneededforalternativetreatmentregimeswithinISPM15,particu-
larlyforcountrieswherecurrentmethodsaredifficulttoimplement,becauseofthecosts
and lack of proper infrastructure issues necessary in establishing compliance systems.
ClementChilima(Malawi)indicatesthatexpertiseincapacitybuildingwillbevaluableand
thatpublicawarenessoftheissueispoorindevelopingcountries.Healsofeelsthataspects
suchasnaturalresistancetopestsforcertaintreespeciescouldbeusedtocategorisethem
forISPM15compliance.JacquesGagnon(Canada)feelsthatdrawingtogetherallavailable
information on current options, particularly categorised according to different types of
woodpackagingwillhelptoidentifybothrisksandpossibletreatmentoptions.BarbaraIll-
man(USA)suggeststhatindustrytendstosolveproblemsaccordingtotheneedandthat
traininganddemonstrationoftechnologieswillhelptoresolvetechnicalissues.
Plantsforplantingasapathwayformovementofpestsandpathogens
Plantsforplantingasapathwayforinvasiveorganismsisatopicofconcernbeingcon-
sistentlycitedashighrisk,particularlyforinvasivepathogens.Itisacknowledgedthatphy-
tosanitaryrulesarealreadyinplaceinrelationtonamedorganismsandthatfullcompliance
with these rules should provide acceptable protection. However, it is also acknowledged
that(a)inspection-basedregimesareunlikelytopickupallinfringementsespeciallywith
large increases in trade, (b) that an organism-based process will tend to miss new and
emergingpestandpathogenproblemsand(c)thatapplicationoftreatmentmethodstore-
moveinvasiveorganismsismoredifficultforthispathway.
Ingeneral,delegatesfeltthatanalysisofthe‘plantsforplanting’pathwaytoidentify
‘keystone’damagingorganismswouldenableconstructionofadatabaseofbiologicalchar-
acteristicsofAISthataremostlikelytoexploitthispathwayfortransportationtonewloca-
*NorthAmericanPlantProtectionOrganisation
tions. It is felt that such a biologically-based list will be of more value than the current
namedorganismapproachandwillenableanalysisofspecieslistsinexportingcountriesto
assesslikelihoodofassociationwithliveplantsforexport.Duringawide-rangingdiscus-
sion,itwasagreedtoestablishasub-group,undertheleadershipofKerryBritton(USA),to
analysewhichnurserystock‘pests’(toincludeinvertebratesandpathogens)havebecome
problemsinforestrysystemsistheissueofagreatimportanceandtoprovideapositionpa-
per on this important issue. The NAPPO Plants for Planting standard (which is based on
cleanstockprograms)andIPPCarealsomovingtowardsthisbasisforthePlantsforPlant-
ingpathway.Sharinginformationandexperiencesinearlydetectionofpestsandpathogens
onpathways,includingplantsforplantingisofacrucialsignificancetoreachthegoalofre-
ducingtherisksofmovementsofpestsalongthispathway.
Furthermore,liveplantsarethesubjectofconsiderationofrisksofweedinessinrela-
tiontotheplantsthemselvesbecoming‘pests’.Characteristicsofweedinesshavealready
beendiscussedbroadlyinthescientificliterature.Thereismuchtobelearnedfromknowl-
edgeofadaptationoflocalpestandpathogenspeciestoexotictreesandshrubsasafurther
elementintheriskprofileofplantsforplanting.
Thepapersindicatethat‘PlantsforPlanting’isapathwaythatrequiresgreateratten-
tionandwillbeacoreitemfortheUnitasitdevelopsandpreparesforfuturemeetings.
Thebookprovidesafocusforforest‘pests’andtheirmovementinternationally,butit
isclearfrompapersbyAlainRoques(France),WojciechSolarz(Poland),ClementChilima
(Malawi)andStasBurgiel(USA)thattherearemanyinitiatives,nationallyandinternation-
ally,inthisarea.Thereisaclearneedtomaintaingoodcommunicationandcoordination
betweenthevariousinitiativesand,atleastfortheforestrysector,Unit7.03.12couldpro-
videa‘one-stopshop’forlinkage.
Dr.HughEvansandDr.TomaszOszako
PART I
EXTENDED ABSTRACTS
10
PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT AND COLLAR ROT OF ALDERS
CAUSED BY THE INVASIVE PHYTOPHTHORA ALNI:
ACTUAL DISTRIBUTION, PATHWAYS, AND MODELED
POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN BAVARIA
ThomasJung1,MarlaDowning2,MarkusBlaschke3,ThomasVernon2
1IndependentScientistandConsultantforTreeDiseases,Thomastrasse75,D-83098Brannenburg,
Germany,www.tree-diseases.com,[email protected].
2ForestHealthTechnologyEnterpriseTeam,ForestHealthProtection,USDAForestService,Suite
331,2150CentreAvenue,BuildingA,FortCollins,CO80526-1891.
3BavarianStateInstituteofForestry(LWF),SectionForestEcologyandForestProtection,Am
Hochanger11,D-85354Freising,Germany.
HISTORYANDSYMPTOMSOFPHYTOPHTHORAROOT
ANDCOLLARROTOFALDERS
In1993apreviouslyunknownlethalrootandcollarrotdiseaseofcommonalder
(Alnus glutinosa) was recorded in southern Britain. It occurred mainly along
riverbanks, but also in orchard shelterbelts and woodland plantations (Gibbs et al.
1999).Inthefollowingyearsthediseasewasalsofoundongreyalder(A.incana)and
Italianalder(A.cordata),andinGermany,France,Ireland,Sweden,theNetherlands,
Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia and Italy (Hartmann 1995;
Gibbsetal.1999,2003;Jung&Blaschke2003,2004,2006;Oszako2005,Szabóetal.
2000;Streitoetal.2002;Brasier&Jung2003).Thecausalorganismwasidentifiedasa
swarm of interspecific hybrids between Phytophthora cambivora and an unknown
PhytophthorarelatedtoP.fragariae(Brasieretal.1995,1999),andrecentlydescribed
asanewspecies,Phytophthoraalnisp.nov.,whichcomprises3subspecies(Brasieret
al.2004).
Infected trees show abnormally small, sparse and often yellowish foliage, a
dieback of the crown, early and often excessive fructification with unusually small
cones,andtongue-shapednecrosesoftheinnerbarkandthecambiumwhichextended
upto3mfromthestembasewithtarryorrustyspotsonthesurfaceofthebark(Jung&
Blaschke2001;Figs.1–4).
Figure1.Greyalder(Alnusincana)growing
in a plantation on former agricultural land
with sparse, chlorotic and small-sized
foliage due to Phytophthora alni root and
collarrot