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Algorithmic Aspects of Combinatorics PDF

1226 Pages·1978·28.821 MB·English
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ADHESION SCIENCE URFACES, CHEMISTRY PLICATIONS Edited by M. Chaudhary and A X Fb&s ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 2 Series Editor A.V. Pocius The cover displays a micrograph of glass particles on a plasticized polystyrene substrate showing adhesion-induced viscous flow of the substrate and encapsulation of the particle. The crater is the deformed substrate after a particle had been removed. The micrograph was taken by Ray Bowen and was supplied by Dr. Donald Rimai. ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 2 SURFACES, CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by M. Chaudhury Department of Chemical Engineering Centerf or Polymer Inter$aces Leh igh University 111 Research Drive Bethlehem, PA I810 5 U.S.A. A.V. Pocius 3M Adhesive Technologies Center 3M Centei; Building 201 -4N-01 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000 U.S.A. 2002 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York - Oxford - Paris - San Diego San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 0 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms an, .onditions apply to its use: Photocopying .~ - Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science via their homepage (http://www.elsevier.com) by selecting ‘Customer support’ and then ‘Permissions’. Alternatively you can send an e-mail to: [email protected], or fax to: (+44) I865 853333. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rose- wood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+I) (978) 7508400, fax: (+I) (978) 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W 1 P OLP, UK; phone: (+44) 207 63I 5555; fax: (+44) 207 631 5500. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for external resale or distribution of such material. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any chapter or part of a chapter. Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, at the fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any nse or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN: 0 444 5 1140 7 (set) 8 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSUNISO Printed in The Netherlands. Preface Volume I of Adhesion Science and Engineering dealt with the mechanics of adhesive bonds and the rheology of adhesives. Volume I1 deals with the other two disciplines that make up adhesion science, surfaces and chemistry. In addition, this volume describes several applications of adhesion science and engineering. The volume begins with discussions of aspects of surface science and how they relate to adhesion science. Methods based on surface thermodynamics have been powerful tools in the hands of adhesion scientists. Berg introduces us to the topics of interfacial thermodynamic and practical adhesion and shows how the critical predictive parameters of adhesion can be obtained from wetting, solution theory and group contribution methods (UNIFAC). It becomes clear from Berg’s presentation that the predictions of adhesion strengths by the traditional wet chemical methods are somewhat empirical. This limitation can be partially overcome by the methods of contact mechanics as pioneered by Johnson, Kendall and Roberts, which allows direct measurements of the surface energies of deformable solids. These methods, as shown by Mangipudi and Falsafi, have played a very important role in developing a deeper understanding of the relationship between adhesion and the chemical composition of surfaces and complement the chapters describing contact mechanics found in Volume I. Rimai and Quesnel extend this discussion to the interaction of powdered solids and give us an in-depth view of the types of intermolecular forces that control adhesion of solid surfaces. The chapter by Wahl and Syed Asif explores the behavior of adhesion and contact mechanics at the nanoscopic level. This chapter not only complements the above three but also describes additional techniques that may be used to probe the properties of surfaces. Surface roughness, which could be examined by some of the probe techniques described in Chapter 4, is discussed by Packham. Spectroscopic techniques useful for examination of the chemistry of surface and interfaces are described by Boerio (Chapter 6). Other aspects of interfacial science and chemistry are examined by Owen and Wool. The former chapter deals with a widely used chemistry to join disparate sur- faces, that of silane coupling agents. The latter chapter describes the phenomenon of diffusion at interfaces, which, when it occurs, can yield strong and durable adhesive bonds. Brown’s chapter describes the micromechanics at the interface when certain types of diffusive adhesive bonds are broken. The section on surfaces ends with Dillingham’s discussion of what can be done to prime surfaces for adhesive bonding. The section on chemistry of adhesives evolves from rubber-based adhesives to semi- structural and finally to structural adhesives. Everaerts and Clemens provide a thorough description of chemistry and applications of pressure sensitive adhe- sives and Kinning and Schneider describe an enabling technology for pressure vi Preface sensitive adhesive tapes, release coatings. Martin-Martinez reviews the chemistry and physical properties of rubber-based adhesives with an emphasis on the mate- rials properties of the components of those adhesives. Silicone chemistry provides products that range from pressure sensitive adhesives to sealants to semi-structural adhesives and is described by Parbhoo et al. in Chapter 14. Progressing into more semi-structural and structural adhesives, the chapters by Paul and by Frisch describe the chemistry and properties of hot melt adhesives and polyurethane ad- hesives, respectively. The remainder of this section deals with structural adhesives beginning with discussions of acrylate chemistry by Righettini and then Klemar- czyk. The adhesives described in these two chapters are some of the most easy to use structural adhesives available. One of the oldest technologies in modern adhesive chemistry, phenolic chemistry is described by Detlefson and one of the newer chemistries, bismaleimides is discussed by Kajiyama. The final section in this volume deals with applications of adhesion science. The applications described include methods by which durable adhesive bonds can be manufactured by the use of appropriate surface preparation (Davis and Venables) to unique methods for composite repair (Lopata et al.) Adhesive applications find their way into the generation of wood products (Dunky and Pizzi) and also find their way into the construction of commercial and military aircraft (Pate). The chapter by Spotnitz et al. shows that adhesion science finds its way into the life sciences in their discussion of tissue adhesives. The editors wish to express their sincere thanks to the contributing authors for their invaluable contributions to this volume. Their collective expertise represents many years of industrial and academic experience in the field of Adhesion Sci- ence and Engineering. We would also like to thank the employers of each of the contributors for allowing them to take on the extra tasks associated with the com- pletion of their contribution to this volume. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Theodore Reinhart of the University of Dayton Research Center to the initial organization of this volume. An unfortunate illness prevented him from completing his work on this project. Assistance from the Department of Chemical Engineering and the NSF sponsored IUCRC of the Polymer Interface Center at Lehigh University are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, we thank our spouses for their patience as we compiled and edited this volume. ALPHONSUSV . POCIUS MANOJC HAUDHURY Editor Associate Editor Corporate Scientisl Professor of Chemical Engineering 3M Company Directol; Center for Polymer Interjkes St. Paul, MN, USA Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA, USA Contents Preface .................................................................. v Surface Science Chapter 1. Semi-empirical strategies for predicting adhesion J.C. Berg .................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Direct estimation of the adhesion of solid polymers KS, Mangipudi and A. Faha$. ................................ 75 Chapter 3. Particle adhesion D.S. Rimai and D.J. Quesnel.. ................................ 139 Chapter 4. Surface mechanical measurements at the nanoscale K.J. Wahl and SA. Syed Asif. ................................. 193 Chapter 5. Micro-mechanical processes in adhesion and fracture H.R. Brown.. ................................................ 221 Chapter 6. Surface analysis in adhesion science EJ. Boerio.. ................................................. 243 Chapter 7. Surface roughness and adhesion D. E. Packham. ............................................... 3 17 Chapter 8. Diffusion and autohesion R.P. Wool.. .................................................. 351 Chapter 9. Coupling agents: chemical bonding at interfaces M.J. Owen... ................................................ 403 Chapter 10. Priming to improve adhesion G. Uillingham ............................................... 433

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