ALGERIA - World Health Organization

112 Pages·2004·2.34 MB·English

COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION

ALGERIA
Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+)

3
2.5
ol
h 2
o
alc Total
re Beer
u 1.5
f p Spirits
o
s Wine
e
tr 1
Li
0.5
0
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Year

Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), World Drink Trends 2003
Last year abstainers

Estimates from key alcohol
experts showing proportion of
adult males and females who had
Total been abstaining (last year before

89% the survey). Data is for after year
1995.1
%
8
% 9
e 80 male
al e
M F

Unrecorded alcohol consumption
The unrecorded alcohol consumption in Algeria is estimated to be 0.3 litres pure alcohol per capita for
population older than 15 for the years after 1995 (estimated by a group of key alcohol experts).1
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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION
Country background information
Total population 2003 31 800 000 Life expectancy at birth (2002) Male 67.5
Adult (15+) 21 306 000 Female 71.2
% under 15 33 Probability of dying under age 5 per 1000 (2002) Male 54
Population distribution 2001 (%) Female 43
Urban 53 Gross National Income per capita 2002 US$ 1720
Rural 47 In Algeria, approximately 99% of the population are Muslim.
Sources: Population and Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Bank World Development Indicators database, The
World Factbook 2003, The World Health Report 2004.
References
1. Alcohol per capita consumption, patterns of drinking and abstention worldwide after 1995. Appendix 2.
European Addiction Research, 2001, 7(3):155–157.
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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION

ANGOLA
Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+)

7
6
ol 5
h
o
re alc 4 TBeotearl
u
of p 3 Spirits
s Wine
e
r
t
Li 2
1
0
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Year

Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), World Drink Trends 2003
Traditional alcoholic beverages
Traditional Angolan beer is brewed from the African palm nut.1
Country background information
Total population 2003 13 625 000 Life expectancy at birth (2002) Male 37.9
Adult (15+) 7 085 000 Female 42.0
% under 15 48 Probability of dying under age 5 per 1000 (2002) Male 279
Population distribution 2001 (%) Female 247
Urban 35 Gross National Income per capita 2002 US$ 660
Rural 65
Sources: Population and Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Bank World Development Indicators database, The
World Health Report 2004
References
1. Kabia H. Global Beer Network (http://www.globalbeer.com/web/body_pages/pages-
beer/Mongozo/Mongozo.html, accessed 28 March 2004).
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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION
BENIN
Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+)

4
3.5
3
ol
h
alco 2.5 Total
re Beer
u 2
f p Spirits
o
es 1.5 Wine
r
t
Li
1
0.5
0
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Year

Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), World Drink Trends 2003
Abstainers in the city of Cotonou
Survey conducted in the city of
Cotonou in 1998 among people
10 years and older defined
abstainers as non-users of alcohol
(total sample size n = 540).1
%
3
% .
8 4
e 16. male 1
Mal Fe

Regular drinkers in the city of Cotonou

Survey conducted in the city of
Total Cotonou in 1998 among people
25% 10 years and older (total sample
size n = 540). Drinking was
defined as regular drinking and
having been intoxicated at least

three times. The most consumed
beverage was beer, followed by
sodabi (distilled palm wine).1

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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION

Traditional alcoholic beverages
Shakparo beer is a traditional sorghum beer which has an important social, economic, ritual, nutritional and
sanitary role in the Idashaland, Dassa-Zoume, in the savannah region of the Republic of Benin. It is traditionally
brewed by Idasha women. It is brewed mainly from malted guinea corn. Sorghum, also called gros mil in
French, seems to be the best cereal for brewing shakparo. The beverage has a fruity and sour taste, with a
complex organic acid flavour and yoghurt and sorghum aroma. It is cloudy and yeasty in appearance with a
brownish pink colour. The alcohol content ranges from 1% to 8% by volume. The traditional form of the product
has a short shelf life and must be consumed within a few days.2
Burukutu is a popular alcoholic beverage of a vinegar-like flavour prepared from sorghum grains. Fully matured
burukutu beer has an acetic acid content which varies between 0.4% and 0.6%.3
Palm wine, tchoukoutou (local beer) and sodabi (local spirit obtained by distilling palm wine) are also
consumed in the Republic of Benin.
Country background information
Total population 2003 6 736 000 Life expectancy at birth (2002) Male 50.1
Adult (15+) 3 704 800 Female 52.4
% under 15 45 Probability of dying under age 5 per 1000 (2002) Male 166
Population distribution 2001 (%) Female 158
Urban 43 Gross National Income per capita 2002 US$ 380
Rural 57
Sources: Population and Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Bank World Development Indicators database, The
World Health Report 2004
References
1. Agossou T et al. L’alcool et les drogues à Cotonou. De la consommation à l’abus et aux mesures de
protection. Alcoologie, 1999, 21(HS):231–237.
2. Okambawa R. Shakparo: a traditional West African sorghum beer
(http://brewery.org/brewery/library/Shakparo.html, accessed 28 March 2004).
3. Haard NF et al. Fermented cereals: a global perspective. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, 1999 (http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2184e/x2184e07.htm, accessed 27 March 2004).
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BOTSWANA
Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+)

8
7
6
ohol 5 Total
c
al Beer
e 4
ur Spirits
p
of 3 Wine
s
e
Litr 2
1
0
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Year

Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), World Drink Trends 2003
Last year abstainers

Estimates from key alcohol
experts showing proportion of
adult males and females who had
been abstaining (last year before
Total
the survey). Data is for after year

53.5% 1995.1
%
0
% 7
e 37 male
al e
M F

A survey conducted in 1986 among workers at different workplaces mainly in Setswana found that the rate of
current abstainers was 50%. A greater proportion of male compared to female respondents stated that they were
current drinkers.2
Alcohol abuse
According to data collected for the Botswana Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (BENDU) in 2003 from four
treatment centres, alcohol remains the most common primary substance of abuse reported by patients,
accounting for 84% of the 72 patients. Home brews are the most common type of alcohol used as they are easily
available and affordable.3
Traditional alcoholic beverages
Nyola is a home-brewed concoction prepared from commercially produced sorghum powder. About 750 grams
of beer powder is mixed with five litres of warm water and allowed to ferment overnight before consumption.4
Bojalwa (sorghum beer) and khadi are both home-brewed beer-like drinks that vary greatly in terms of taste,
consistency and alcohol content depending on availability of ingredients and methods of fermentation. Indeed
khadi could almost be described as a ‘designer alcohol’ often brewed to the consumer’s needs and tastes. It is
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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION

made from a base or ‘mash’ that can consist of a combination of any of the following ingredients: wild berries,
wild pumpkins, wild roots, oranges, sorghum and maize. Yeast, black tobacco or other unspecified substances
are sometimes added to this base to give it ‘strength’, and there have been rumours around Ghanzi of car battery
acid also being added.4 Khadi has a higher alcohol content than bojalwa and has often been the particular subject
of proclamations and laws throughout Botswana’s colonial and modern legislative history.5
Proprietary brand-name alcohol is popular if money is available. Industrially produced sorghum beers like
Chibuku or ‘Shake-shake’ and commercial beers like ‘Castle’ and ‘Lion’ are consumed, and around Ghanzi,
‘Clubman mint’, a cheap 23% alcohol mint punch sold in bottle stores is a favoured drink.4
There are also a number of other local brews with a high alcohol content. The strongest, known as tho-tho-tho, is
distilled from a sorghum concoction and can have an alcohol content of over 80% by volume. Others, which are
brewed overnight from mostly yeast and sugar combinations, have such a high alcohol content that they go by
ominous names such as o lala fa (you sleep right here), chechisa (hurry-up), laela mmago (say good bye to your
mother), monna-tota (real man), motse o teng godimo (there is home in heaven), and so forth. Other less strong
brews are made from wild fruits such as morula. They are, however, very seasonal.6
It should be noted that one of the problems with home brews is that there is no quality control in their
preparation and, concomitantly, no way of ascertaining their true alcohol content or assessing the true alcohol
consumption of an individual drinking these brews over a period of time.4
Unrecorded alcohol consumption
The unrecorded alcohol consumption in Botswana is estimated to be 3.00 litres pure alcohol per capita for
population older than 15 for the years after 1995 (estimated by a group of key alcohol experts).1
Morbidity, health and social problems from alcohol use
In terms of health-related consequences, it was claimed by medical staff in local government clinics that habitual
drinkers among the Basarwa suffer from general self-neglect, particularly poor personal hygiene and a tendency
to ‘forget’ to eat when drinking, which can lead to malnutrition. Physical side effects reported include pale skin,
red eyes and weight loss with more serious cases developing symptoms of alcohol psychosis, particularly
hallucinations and incoherence of thought.4
Socially, alcohol is seen as a contributing factor to an increasing number of traumatic events and injuries
reported at health facilities. Many of the injuries are sustained in violent physical fights or attacks in which
sticks, knives and spears are commonly used. Wife beating is also claimed to be a more regular occurrence as is
the beating of children by adults, hitherto unknown among the Basarwa.4
The economic consequences of habitual alcohol use are devastating and act as distinct barriers to any sense of
development. Informants stated that since a significant proportion of household income was spent on liquor, less
cash was available for food, clothing and other essential items. As one informant succinctly stated: ‘alcohol
makes poor people poorer’. A person who is regularly under the influence of alcohol will have little motivation
or interest in working, unless it is to obtain money to buy more alcohol. One particular problem is that a regular
drinker can easily become economically tied and indebted to alcohol vendors who are only too pleased to
provide alcohol ‘on credit’.4
A variety of delinquent acts and criminal offences were also perceived by workers to be associated with
excessive alcohol consumption. One respondent reported that poaching by the Basarwa was the result of alcohol-
induced adventurism. Another indicated that it was not uncommon for male and female children to either
withdraw or drop out from school after Standard 7 due to alcohol abuse and that some young girls in the Ghanzi
squatter camp had prostituted themselves to buy alcohol.4
Child neglect is an increasing problem when parents are intoxicated so early in the day that they are not able to
prepare food for their children, even if there is food available. A concern is that some parents will sell food to
buy alcohol while others will give alcohol to their children as a food substitute and to stave off hunger.
Generally, the neglect of young children due to alcohol abuse means that these children are under-socialized as
well as malnourished, leading to a refusal to attend school, begging and stealing for food, and other delinquent
activities.4
It has been noted that the fairly high prevalence of folate, thiamine and iron deficiency in the population of the
Ghanzi and Ngamiland communities of western Botswana may be related in part to alcohol consumption.
Alcohol-related violence was responsible for a substantial number of injuries to men, women and children.
Alcohol is believed to contribute to spousal and child abuse, and is a major cause of social conflict.7
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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION

In a mixed economy such as Botswana, it is argued that one reward for seasonal labour was drinking alcohol.
When the work is done for the day, the labour force drinks. And, they acquire a taste for the drink of their
employers – European style clear beers and wines. Farmers have long ago realized the increased profits to be
gained by paying their workforce partially in “tots” of inexpensive wine. For the employers, it was cheap –
cheaper than paying African labourers only in cash.8
Country background information
Total population 2003 1 785 000 Life expectancy at birth (2002) Male 40.2
Adult (15+) 1 071 000 Female 40.6
% under 15 40 Probability of dying under age 5 per 1000 (2002) Male 104
Population distribution 2001 (%) Female 102
Urban 49 Gross National Income per capita 2002 US$ 2980
Rural 51
Sources: Population and Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Bank World Development Indicators database, The
World Health Report 2004
References
1. Alcohol per capita consumption, patterns of drinking and abstention worldwide after 1995. Appendix 2.
European Addiction Research, 2001, 7(3):155–157.
2. Molamu L. Alcohol research and public policy in Botswana. Paper presented at the symposium on
“Experiences with Community Action Projects for the Prevention of Alcohol and other Drug Problems”.
Toronto, Canada, March 12–16 1989.
3. Parry CDH, Plüddemann A. Southern Africa Development Community Epidemiology Network on Drug
Use (SENDU): January – June 2003. Cape Town, Medical Research Council, 2003.
4. Molamu L, Macdonald D. Alcohol abuse among the Basarwa of the Kgalagadi and Ghanzi districts in
Botswana. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 1996, 3(2):145–152.
5. Recupero C. Alcohol legislation and development in Botswana from 1875 to the present: a review of the
relevant literature. Social History of Alcohol Review, 1998, 36–37:50–70.
6. [Anonymous]. Food and selected dishes. Embassy of Botswana Website, Japan
(http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/culture/body5.html, accessed 27 March 2004).
7. Hitchcock RK, Draper P. Health issues among the San of Western Botswana
(http://www.kalaharipeoples.org/documents/San-heal.htm, accessed 29 March 2004).
8. Suggs DN. “These young chaps think they are just men, too”: redistributing masculinity in Kgatleng bars.
Social Science and Medicine, 2001, 53(2):241–250.
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COUNTRY PROFILES AFRICAN REGION

BURKINA FASO
Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+)

6
5
ol
h 4
o
alc Total
re Beer
u 3
of p Spirits
s Wine
e
tr 2
Li
1
0
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Year

Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), World Drink Trends 2003
Lifetime abstainers

Data from the 2003 World Health
Survey. Total sample size n =
4782; males n = 2255 and females
n = 2527. Survey population aged
Total 18 years and above.1
63.7% 0%
% .
e 63.4 male 64
al e
M F

Heavy and hazardous drinkers

Data from the 2003 World Health
Survey. Total sample size n =
4782; males n = 2255 and females
n = 2527. Survey population aged
Total
18 years and above. Definition

11.6% % used: average consumption of 40
2
% . g or more of pure alcohol a day
0 3
Male 10. Female 1 faolcr omhoeln aa dnady 2 f0o rg w oorm meonr.e1 of pure

According to the 2003 World Health Survey (total sample size n = 1580; males n = 764 and females n = 816),
the mean value (in grams) of pure alcohol consumed per day among drinkers was 25.2 (total), 30.5 (males) and
20.0 (females).1
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Heavy episodic drinkers

Data from the 2003 World Health
Survey. Total sample size n =
4782; males n = 2255 and females
n = 2527. Survey population aged
Total
18 years and above. Definition
10.9%
used: at least once a week
%
% 7 consumption of five or more
e 13.9 male 7. standard drinks in one sitting.1
al e
M F

Youth drinking (lifetime abstainers)

Data from the 2003 World Health
Survey. Total sample size n =
1209; males n = 495 and females
n = 714. Survey population aged
18 to 24 years old.1
Total 2%
74.6% e 74.1% male 75.
al e
M F

Youth drinking (heavy episodic drinkers)

Data from the 2003 World Health
Survey. Total sample size n =
1209; males n = 495 and females
Total
n = 714. Survey population aged
6.4%
18 to 24 years old. Definition
used: at least once a week
%
1 consumption of five or more
e 8.4% male 5. standard drinks in one sitting.1
Mal Fe

Note: These are preliminary, early-release, unpublished data from the World Health Survey made available exclusively for this report. Some
estimates may change in the final analyses of the World Health Survey.

Traditional alcoholic beverages
The traditional beer, dolo, is made from sorgo or millet. Every region and every ethnic group have their own
specific dolo. The Gourmantché in the East and the Samogo in the north-west brew it for four days.2
Unrecorded alcohol consumption
The unrecorded alcohol consumption in Burkina Faso is estimated to be 3.3 litres pure alcohol per capita for
population older than 15 for the years after 1995 (estimated by a group of key alcohol experts).3

10 Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004
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