Alexandrea in Aegypto: The Role of the Egyptian Tradition in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods: Ideology, Culture, Identity, and Public Life

366 Pages·2011·34.04 MB·English

by  Kyriakos Savvopoulos

ALEXANDREA INAEGYPTO

PHD THESIS, FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY,
UNIVERSITEIT LEIDEN, 2011
Alexandrea in Aegypto
The Role of the Egyptian Tradition in
the Hellenistic and Roman Periods:
Ideology, Culture, Identity, and Public Life

Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. Paul van der Heijden,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op
donderdag 27 Januari 2011
klokke 13.45 uur

door

Kyriakos Savvopoulos

geboren te Thessaloniki
in 1977
Promotiecommissie

Promotor: Prof. Dr. J. Bintliff (Universiteit Leiden)

Co-promotor: Dr. M. J. Versluys (Universiteit Leiden)

Referenten:
Prof. Dr. J.-Y. Empereur (Centre d'Études Alexandrines)
Prof. Dr. P. Gallo (Università di Torino)

Overige leden:
Prof. Dr. O. E. Kaper (Universiteit Leiden)
Dr. F. G. Naerebout (Universiteit Leiden)
Prof. Dr. N. Sojc (Universiteit Leiden)
ALEXANDREA IN AEGYPTO
The Role of the Egyptian Tradition in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods:
Identity, Ideology, Culture and Public Life

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Research objectives

2. Historical overview
2.1. Ptolemaic Egypt
2.2. Ptolemaic policies concerning ethnicity
2.3. Roman Egypt: Imperial policies, social structure and legal status

3. General theoretical framework
3.1. Cultural interaction, multiculturalism and acculturation

4. Introduction to the topography of Alexandria
4.1. Ptolemaic Alexandria
4.2. The harbour of Alexandria and the royal quarters
4.3. The Pharos Island
4.4. The Rhakotis district and Sarapeion
4.5. The city centre: Institutions and residences
4.6. Roman Alexandria
4.7. The Necropoleis of Alexandria

5. Status Questionis
5.1 ‘Egyptian’ in Ptolemaic Alexandria
5.2. The Egyptian aspect of Alexandria in studies of material culture
5.3. Alexandrian necropoleis dating to the Ptolemaic period
5.4. Egyptian elements in Roman Alexandria
5.5. Alexandrian necropoleis of the Roman period
5.6. New approaches in Roman period burials concerning, art, funerary customs and
identity
5.7. The contribution of this thesis
5.8. Structure of the thesis

Chapter 2 CATALOGUE of Alexandrian material evidence with Egyptian elements

1. Introduction

2. Elite Hypogea and loculi Slabs
A. Elite Hypogea of Ptolemaic-early Roman periods
1. Pharos Island Necropolis
1.1. The Ras el Tin Necropolis
1.1.1. Ras el tin III
1.1.2. Ras el Tin VIII
1.2. The Anfushi Necropolis
1.2.1. Anfushi I
i
1.2.2. Anfushi II
1.2.3. Anfushi V

2. Western Necropolis
2.1. Wadrian
2.1.1. The Saqiya Tomb
2.2. Gabbari
2.2.1. The Girghis Tomb
2.2.2. The Fort Saleh Tomb
2.2.3. Thiersch Tomb 2

3. Eastern necropolis
3.1. Mustapha Pasha Tomb I
3.2. Antoniadis Gardens Tomb
3.3. Shatby, Hypogeum A

B. Roman period Elite Hypogea
1. Western Necropolis
1.1. Kom el Shoqafa: The Great Catacomb
1.1.1. The Main Tomb of the Great Catacomb
1.2. Hall of Caracalla
1.2.1. Chamber E, Tomb H
1.2.2. Persephone Tomb II
1.2.3. Persephone Tomb I
1.3. Wadrian
1.3.1. The Stagni Tomb
1.4. Gabbari
1.4.1. Habachi Tomb A
1.4.2. The Sielgin Tomb

2. Eastern Necropolis
2.1. The Tigrane Pasha Tomb

C. Egyptian naiskos style loculi slabs
D. Illustrations

3. Statuary
3.1. Ptolemaic and Roman periods
3.2. Middle kingdom to 30th Dybasty
3.3. Uncertain date

4. Architecture
4.1. Ptolemaic and Roman period
4.2. Middle kingdom to 30th dybasty

5. Coinage
5.1. Ptolemaic period
5.2. Roman period
ii
5.3. Illustrations
5.3.1. Ptolemaic coins
5.3.2. Roman coins

Chapter 3. PRESENTATION of the Egyptian elements in Alexandrian material culture: content and
form

1. Elite hypogea and Egyptian naiskos style loculi Slabs
(Art and Architecture)
1.1. Architecture
1.1.1 Greek style with Egyptian references in function, and architectural layout
(from 4th century BC onwards)
1.1.2. Greek indigenising architecture with profound stylistic Egyptian references (from the 3rd
century onwards during the Ptolemaic period)
1.1.3. Elite hypogea with profound Egyptian decorative and religious
characteristics (2nd-1st century BC)
1.1.4. Composite-balanced versions (From 1st century BC onwards)

1.1. Wall decoration
1.2.1. Style
Egyptian style decorative motifs
Greek-Alexandrian indigenising style decorative motifs
Egyptian style figure scenes
Greek and Egyptian style in Juxtaposition: Persephone Tombs I and II in Hall of Caracalla
Egyptianising (mixed) style: ‘Free style’ Egyptian: Tigrane tomb, Tomb h in the Nebengrab
Hellenised style: Greek style rendering while preserving the Egyptian contents and attributes: The
Stagni Tomb
1.2.2. Subjects of Wall paintings and reliefs
Death and resurrection of Osiris
Death and resurrection of humans
Other Religious acts
Scenes from the nature
Self-presentation in Greek style within Egyptian style structures
1.2.3. Figures presented in wall scenes
Egyptian gods
Syncretic forms (polyvalent images)
Pharaohs
Other humans

1.3. Egyptian style statuary
1.3.1 Sphinxes
1.3.2. Humans

1.4. Presentation of Egyptian elements in elite Hypogea and naiskos style
loculi labs in a list form

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2. Statuary and architecture
2.1. List of Egyptian elements in statuary
2.1.1. Gods
2.1.2. Kings and queens
2.1.3. Other humans
2.1.4. Sphinxes
2.1.5. Groups
2.1.6. Hathoric crowns
2.2. List of Egyptian elements in architecture
2.2.1. Foundation plaques
2.2.2. Column capitals with Egyptian elements
2.2.3. Architectural fragment with sun dial
2.2.4. Pylon

3. Coinage
3.1. Index of kings who minted coins with Egyptian Elements in chronological order
3.2. List of Egyptian themes
3.3. Index of Roman emperors and related figures minting coins with
Egyptian elements in chronological order
3.4. Index of Roman emperors and related figures on observe sides of coins with
Egyptian elements (listed in terms of quantity of coin types)
3.5. Index of reverse side themes with Egyptian elements in Roman coinage

Chapter 4 INTERPRETATION of the catalogue in terms of context and chronological development

1. Tombs: Funerary customs, architecture and cultural identity
1.1. Categorisation of the structures
1.2. Overview of the past scholarship concerning the nature of Alexandrian tombs
1.3. The relationship between Alexandrian Necropoleis and Egyptian cemeteries
1.4. New evidence concerning the relation between Alexandrian tombs and
Egyptian funerary practices
1.5. Ptolemaic period: The Greek-Alexandrian version of elite hypogea
1.5.1. Shatby, Hypogeum A, the house of the ‘living’ dead: Early funerary
experiments in late 4rth century Alexandria
1.5.2. Mustapha Pasha I: a temple dedicated to Hellenism in Aegyptο
1.5.3. On the theatricality of Alexandrian tombs
1.5.4. The Sidi Gaber Tomb: an intermediate step between Mustapha and
Anfushi necropoleis
1.5.5. Other tombs
1.6. Ptolemaic/early Roman periods: Elite burials following the Egyptian funerary
tradition
1.6.1. Categorisation of tombs
1.6.2. The Egyptian Alexandrian version: Anfushi Tombs: I-II
Space, accessibility and funerary beliefs
Architecture, decoration and funerary beliefs
1.6.3. Other tombs of the same category: Anfushi V, Tomb B40 from Gabbari
The environment of the afterlife: The case of Anfushi V

iv
1.6.4. The composite version: Fort Salem Tomb (Gabbari, Trier I), Ras el tin 8
and Girghis tomb
1.6.5. Ras el Tin III (composite in the wall decoration)
1.6.6. Wadrian: The Saqiya tomb. A problematic case
1.6.7. Comparison between Hellenic-Alexandrian and Egyptian-Alexandrian tombs
1.6.8. Funerary religion and cultural identity

1.7. Mummies of Alexandria
1.8. Roman period tombs and funerary customs
1.8.1. The Main Tomb of Kom el-Shoqafa: an Egyptian temple dedicated to the
Alexandrian dead
Uses of space in the Main Tomb of Kom el Shoqafa: religion, art and cultural
identity
Funerary scenes in the burial chamber of the Main Tomb: The cycle of Osiris
‘Suspicions’ for messages of Roman period ideology in Alexandrian tombs:
the case of Kom el Shoqafa
The Main Tomb of Kom el Shoqafa: Conclusion
1.8.2. Persephone Tombs in Nebengrab (Hall of Caracalla): Juxtaposition and
combination of styles and contents, concerning death and resurrection
The Egyptian register
The Greek register
1.8.3. Other tombs with funerary scenes related to death and resurrection of
Osiris (Habachi and Sielgin Tombs)
1.8.4. Tigrane Pasha Tomb: Gods and humans in collaboration for the ‘shake’
of afterlife
1.8.5. Stagni Tomb: Self-presentation and divine status at the ‘moment’ of
resurrection
1.8.6. The body of the deceased as part of the funerary scenes
1.8.7. Egyptian style naiskoi loculi slabs of the Roman period
Structures
Self-Presentation

2. The contribution of the Egyptian tradition in the formation of
Alexandria’s public image life
2.1. The Sarapeion
2.1.1. Architectural evidence
Underground
The colonnaded court
The processional way with sphinxes
Egyptian style decorative elements
The temple of Harpocrates
2.1.2. Ptolemaic sculpture in Sarapeion
2.1.3. The Roman Sarapeion
2.1.4. Pre-Ptolemaic Pharaonic material evidence of Sarapeion as reused in the Roman period

2.2. Monumental sculpture in the city centre, Pharos Island, submerged Royal
Quarters and other areas

v
2.2.1. The public role of Ptolemaic royal statuary: ideology, self-image, political
propaganda
2.2.2. Other Egyptian style sculpture of Greco-Roman period from submerged
royal quarters
2.3. Monumental material evidence dating to the indigenous dynastic period
(Pharaonica)
2.4. The case of the Pharos lighthouse: the greatest ‘obelisk’ ever built in Egypt

3. The role of Egyptian tradition: self-display, ideology and political
propaganda in coinage of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods

3.1. Ideology, self-display and propaganda and the role of the Egyptian aspect in
Ptolemaic period coinage
3.1.1. The first period: Ptolemy I to Ptolemy III. The succession of Alexander from
an Egyptian point of view
3.1.2. The second period: Ptolemies IV-XIII The introduction of the Alexandrian
representatives
3.2. The relationship between Isis and the Ptolemaic queens and its significance to Ptolemaic Alexandria
3.3. Imperial involvements in Alexandria in relation to the reverse side-themes in
the Roman period coinage
3.4. Alexandrian pantheon of the Roman period coinage: the multidimensional
contribution of the Egyptian tradition (related to coinage and terracotta
figurines)
3.4.1. Alexandrian gods at the end of the Ptolemaic period
3.4.2. Sarapis
Sarapis Pantheos
3.4.3. Isis
New evidence possibly related to the temple of Isis in Akra Lochias
3.4.4. Other religious figures and topics related to Egyptian tradition
3.4.5. The indigenising environment and role of the Greek gods and heroes in the
Roman period Alexandrian coinage

Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS

5.1. Ptolemaic policies: messages of political propaganda, the formation of city’s
monumental image, and the use of the Egyptian tradition
5.2. Multiculturalism in Alexandrian society: late 4th – 3rd centuries BC
5.3. Ptolemaic policies in the late Ptolemaic period: The use of the Egyptian tradition in the public space of
Alexandria
5.4. The Egyptian face of the Alexandrian society during the late
Ptolemaic period
5.5. Alexandria as provincial capital of Roman Egypt
5.6. Egyptian solutions for a blessed life and afterlife through the multicultural
‘kaleidoscope’ of the Roman period Alexandrian society
5.7. A final assessment on the perception and adaptation of the Egyptian tradition
in Alexandria during the Hellenistic and Roman periods

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Introduction
1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
There is no doubt that Alexandria represents a cosmopolitan city par excellence in the Hellenistic and Roman
periods. Since its foundation by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, Greeks, Egyptians, but also Persians and
Jews, were part of its multicultural society. Within this environment, elements from different cultural
traditions, mostly Greek and Egyptian, as well as their people, coexisted and interacted with each other.
In previous scholarly reconstructions, Alexandria was portrayed as a Greek city; Alexandria ad
Aegyptum, meaning ‗by Egypt‘ and not ‗in Egypt‘. Traditionally, Alexandria was seen as a city made by
Greeks and for Greeks. In contrast, the role of Egyptian traditions in Alexandria has been discussed very little
in archaeology and ancient history: it has been interpreted as secondary and therefore of minor importance to
the cultural history of the city. Thus, the discussion focused on public and private issues of a ‗Greek colonial‘
society, rather than of the capital of Egypt. The most characteristic example of this perspective is Fraser‘s
Ptolemaic Alexandria (1972), which still is one of the most reliable and complete works on the Hellenistic
city.
However, since the publication of Ptolemaic Alexandria various important works such as those of
Bagnall (1988), Clarysse (1985) and Ritner (1992) have challenged this view. There was a need to update the
traditional view of the relationship between Greek and Egyptian traditions and representatives, in Alexandria
and in the Egyptian chora of the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
In addition to these more general works, from the 1990s onwards a series of important studies was
published on specific types of material, such as monumental art and architecture (Ashton 2001; 2005;
Stanwick 2002; McKenzie 2004; 2007), especially after the underwater finds of the Centre d‘Études
Alexandrines directed by Jean-Yves Empereur (1998) and the Frank Goddio team (1998), and funerary
structures (Venit 2002; Riggs 2006). From these studies on new discoveries made in Alexandria it is clear that
the dogmatically Hellenic ‗dress‘ that the city is supposed to wear, does not allow for a deeper and more
detailed analysis of the phenomenon of the Greco-Egyptian interaction. More attention should be paid to the
role of Egyptian tradition in Alexandria, both in terms of public and private life.
Several scholars have attempted to regroup the different categories of Alexandrian material evidence,
combining older and more recent discoveries. Still, there exists no overview of the role of Egyptian tradition in
Alexandria, in which an updated catalogue of Egyptian elements in various types of material culture is
discussed within an updated theoretical context. This work aims to be the first step in that direction by offering
an overview and interpretation of the Egyptian elements in the material culture of the city in Hellenistic and
Roman periods. In this study an attempt will be made to achieve a better understanding of the process of
Greco-Egyptian interaction and the multicultural life of the city. More specifically, we hope to gain an insight
into the role of Egyptian traditions in the formation of the city‘s public image, ideology and further public
activities, as well as in several aspects of Alexandrian society such as religion, funerary customs, expressions
of cultural identity and social status.
In other words, it will be attempted to examine the Greco-Egyptian interaction from an Egyptian point
of view. This is the reason behind the choice of title ‗Alexandria in Aegypto‘, as a complementary view to the
traditional Alexandria ad Aegyptum. A more prominent role for the Egyptian traditions is to be expected, as
well as a redefinition of the role of the Greek element from an Egyptian point of view. The results will be
presented in chronological order, taking social, cultural and political developments of the Hellenistic and
Roman periods into consideration.
Interestingly, architectural structures and objects included in the catalogue below did not necessarily
belong to Egyptians. On the contrary, it seems that the majority of them belonged to Greeks, mixed Greco-
Egyptian or Hellenised Egyptians. Few could be attributed directly to (non-Hellenised) Egyptians. Therefore,
1